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There is a wealth of literature on assimilation phenomena (᾽idġām, "Insertion" in Jahn's words) in Semitic, on both the segmental and the suprasegmental levels (for Arabic see the article "Idhgam" by Henri Fleisch in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., and M. H. Bakalla, Ibn Jinni: an Early Arab Muslim Phonetican, London/Taipei 1982, index svv. "assimilation" and "idgam"). Most types of assimilation are treated by Sībawayhi. An example of segmental assimilation (partial or total) is the change that the -t-infix undergoes in the form VIII of certain verbs. Examples of suprasegmental assimilation are the phenomena known as tafḫīm and tarqīq, i.e. suprasegmental assimilation with respect to velarization/"advanced tongue root" (ATR) or "emphasis", or the lack of it. On the latter phenomenon cf. Hoberman, R. 1989. "Parameters of emphasis: autosegmental analyses of pharyngealization in four languages", Journal of Afroasiatic Languages 2/1: 73-97 and id. 1995. "Current issues in Semitic phonology", in : Goldsmith, J. (ed.). The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Cambridge, Mass.: 839-847.