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A matrix summarising Sībawayhi's classification of sounds is found in Al-Nassir, A. 1993. Sibawayh the Phonologist. A critical study of the phonetic and phonological theory of Sibawayh as presented in his treatise Al-Kitab. London/New York, p. 55.

Sībawayhi's categories are ­saḥīh vs. madd & līn, majhūr vs. mahmūs, šadīd vs. riḫw, muṭbaq vs. munfatiḥ, and musta῾‎lī vs. munḫafiḍ. A more rigorous treatment, though based on a later grammarian, is that of M. H. Bakalla, Ibn Jinni, an Early Arab Muslim Phonetician, London/Taipei 1982.

For a typological assessment of phoneme inventories, cf. Maddieson, I. 1984. Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge. Cf. also studies such as Al-Ani, S. 1970. Arabic Phonology. An Acoustic and Physiological Investigation. The Hague and Kästner, H. 1981. Phonetik und Phonologie des modernen Hocharabisch. Leipzig.