%0 Book Section %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Ambler, Geoffrey %T Nutrition therapy in the treatment of diabetes %B A Modern Epidemic %D 2012 %C Australia %I Sydney University Press %V %N %P 300-314 %@ 9781920899851 %E Magnusson, Roger S %X %Z FOR Codes: 111716 111104 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Griffin, Hayley J %A Colagiuri, Stephen %T The carnivore connection hypothesis: revisited. %B %D 2012 %V 2012 %N %P 258624 %@ 2090-0716 %X The "Carnivore Connection" hypothesizes that, during human evolution, a scarcity of dietary carbohydrate in diets with low plant?:?animal subsistence ratios led to insulin resistance providing a survival and reproductive advantage with selection of genes for insulin resistance. The selection pressure was relaxed at the beginning of the Agricultural Revolution when large quantities of cereals first entered human diets. The "Carnivore Connection" explains the high prevalence of intrinsic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in populations that transition rapidly from traditional diets with a low-glycemic load, to high-carbohydrate, high-glycemic index diets that characterize modern diets. Selection pressure has been relaxed longest in European populations, explaining a lower prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, despite recent exposure to famine and food scarcity. Increasing obesity and habitual consumption of high-glycemic-load diets worsens insulin resistance and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in all populations. %Z FOR Codes: 110306 110306 111103 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Gopinath, Bamini %A Flood, Victoria M %A Wang, Jie Jin %A Smith, Wayne %A Rochtchina, Elena %A Louie, Jimmy C Y %A Wong, Tien Y %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Mitchell, Paul %T Carbohydrate nutrition is associated with changes in the retinal vascular structure and branching pattern in children. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2012 %V 95 %N 5 %P 1215-22 %@ 1938-3207 %X Higher intake of carbohydrates and high-glycemic index (high-GI) diets could lead to small vessel dysfunction. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 111706 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Balzer, Ben W R %A Graham, Christie L %A Craig, Maria E %A Selvadurai, Hiran %A Donaghue, Kim C %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Steinbeck, Kate S %T Low glycaemic index dietary interventions in youth with cystic fibrosis: a systematic review and discussion of the clinical implications. %B %D 2012 %V 4 %N 4 %P 286-96 %@ 2072-6643 %X A systematic review was conducted to assess what is known about the effect of low glycaemic index (GI) diets on glycaemic control, weight and quality of life in youth with cystic fibrosis (CF). Eligibility criteria were systematic reviews, randomised and non-randomised trials of low GI dietary interventions in CF. Outcomes examined were glycaemic control, quality of life, anthropometry and respiratory function. Reference lists were manually searched and experts in the field were consulted. Four studies met the eligibility criteria; two were excluded because they did not include data on any of the outcomes. The remaining two were studies that examined GI secondary to any other intervention: one used GI as a factor in enteral feeds and the other incorporated low GI dietary education into its treatment methodology. There is insufficient evidence to recommend use of low GI diets in CF. Since there is evidence to support use of low GI diets in type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes, low GI diets should be tested as an intervention for CF. The potential risks and benefits of a low GI diet in CF are discussed. %Z FOR Codes: 111403 110306 110399 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Louie, Jimmy Chun Yu %A Buyken, Anette E %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Flood, Victoria M %T The link between dietary glycemic index and nutrient adequacy. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2012 %V 95 %N 3 %P 694-702 %@ 1938-3207 %X Low-glycemic index (low-GI) diets may be less nutritious because of limited food choices. Alternately, high-GI diets could be less healthful because of a higher intake of refined carbohydrate. %Z FOR Codes: 1103 1103 1103 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Atkinson, Fiona S %A Gahler, Roland J %A Kacinik, Veronica %A Lyon, Michael R %A Wood, Simon %T Effects of added PGX?, a novel functional fibre, on the glycaemic index of starchy foods. %B The British Journal of Nutrition %D 2012 %V %N %P 1-4 %@ 1475-2662 %X The development of lower-glycaemic index (GI) foods requires simple, palatable and healthy strategies. The objective of the present study was to determine the most effective dose of a novel viscous fibre supplement (PGX?) to be added to starchy foods to reduce their GI. Healthy subjects (n 10) consumed glucose sugar (50?g in water ??3) and six starchy foods with a range of GI values (52-72) along with 0 (inert fibre), 2?5 or 5?g granular PGX? dissolved in 250?ml water. GI testing according to ISO Standard 26?642-2010 was used to determine the reduction in GI. PGX? significantly reduced the GI of all six foods (P?/=49 y) in the Blue Mountains Eye Study had complete data on fasting lipids and dietary intake from a validated FFQ at baseline (1992-1994) and 5- and 10-y follow-up examinations. Decreasing consumption of SFA and butter during the 10-y period were associated with moderate decreases in serum total cholesterol independently of initiation of lipid-lowering drug treatment [adjusted estimates were 0.018 +/- 0.007 mmol/(L x % energy (%en) from SFA (P = 0.01) and 0.055 +/- 0.015 mmol/(L x 5 g butter) (P = 0.0003), respectively]. Increased consumption of (n-3) fatty acids and fish was independently related to modest increases in serum HDL-cholesterol [0.067 +/- 0.026 mmol/(L x %en from (n-3) fatty acids) (P = 0.01) and 0.010 +/- 0.004 mmol/(L x 20 g fish) (P = 0.02)] and decreases in log-transformed serum triglyceride concentrations [P = 0.02 for (n-3) fatty acids and P = 0.02 for fish intake]. Hence, 10-y changes in the intake of dietary fatty acids and their food sources appear to have contributed to concurrent improvements in the serum lipid profile of older Australians, independent of concomitantly initiated lipid-lowering drug treatment. %Z FOR Codes: 111706 111199 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Louie, Jimmy Chun Yu %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Markovic, Tania P %A Ross, Glynis P %A Moses, Robert G %T Glycemic index and pregnancy: a systematic literature review. %B %D 2010 %V 2010 %N %P 282464 %@ 2090-0732 %X Background/Aim. Dietary glycemic index (GI) has received considerable research interest over the past 25 years although its application to pregnancy outcomes is more recent. This paper critically evaluates the current evidence regarding the effect of dietary GI on maternal and fetal nutrition. Methods. A systematic literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, and ISI Web of Science, from 1980 through September 2010, was conducted. Results. Eight studies were included in the systematic review. Two interventional studies suggest that a low-GI diet can reduce the risk of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants in healthy pregnancies, but one epidemiological study reported an increase in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. Evidence in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), though limited (n = 3), consistently supports the advantages of a low-GI diet. Conclusion. There is insufficient evidence to recommend a low-GI diet during normal pregnancy. In pregnancy complicated by GDM, a low-GI diet may reduce the need for insulin without adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes. Until larger-scale intervention trials are completed, a low-GI diet should not replace the current recommended pregnancy diets from government and health agencies. Further research regarding the optimal time to start a low-GI diet for maximum protection against adverse pregnancy outcomes is warranted. %Z FOR Codes: 111104 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, J C %A Atkinson, F S %A Gahler, R J %A Kacinik, V %A Lyon, M R %A Wood, S %T Effects of PGX, a novel functional fibre, on acute and delayed postprandial glycaemia. %B European Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2010 %V 64 %N 12 %P 1488-93 %@ 1476-5640 %X Viscous fibre in food has established health benefits, but few functional fibre preparations are both effective and palatable. Our objective was to determine the most effective dose, formulation and timing of consumption of a novel fibre supplement (PolyGlycopleX (PGX)) in reducing postprandial glycaemia. %Z FOR Codes: 111103 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Wolever, Thomas M S %A Tosh, Susan M %A Gibbs, Alison L %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Duncan, Alison M %A Hart, Valerie %A Lamarche, Beno?t %A Thomson, Barbara A %A Duss, Ruedi %A Wood, Peter J %T Physicochemical properties of oat ?-glucan influence its ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol in humans: a randomized clinical trial. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2010 %V 92 %N 4 %P 723-32 %@ 1938-3207 %X BACKGROUND: Consumption of 3 g oat ?-glucan/d is considered sufficient to lower serum LDL cholesterol, but some studies have shown no effect. LDL cholesterol lowering by oat ?-glucan may depend on viscosity, which is controlled by the molecular weight (MW) and amount of oat ?-glucan solubilized in the intestine (C). OBJECTIVES: Our 2 primary objectives were to determine whether consumption of 3 g high-MW oat ?-glucan/d would reduce LDL cholesterol and whether LDL cholesterol lowering was related to the log(MW ? C) of oat ?-glucan. DESIGN: In a double-blind, parallel-design, multicenter clinical trial, subjects with LDL cholesterol ?3.0 and ?5.0 mmol/L (n = 786 screened, n = 400 ineligible, n = 19 refused, n = 367 enrolled, and n = 345 completed) were randomly assigned to receive cereal containing wheat fiber (n = 87) or 3 g high-MW (2,210,000 g/mol, n = 86), 4 g medium-MW (850,000 g/mol, n = 67), 3 g medium-MW (530,000 g/mol, n = 64), or 4 g low-MW (210,000 g/mol, n = 63) oat ?-glucan/d (divided doses, twice daily) for 4 wk. RESULTS: LDL cholesterol was significantly less with 3 g high-MW, 4 g medium-MW, and 3 g medium-MW oat ?-glucan cereals than with the wheat-fiber cereal by 0.21 (5.5%; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.30; P = 0.002), 0.26 (6.5%; 95% CI: -0.14, -0.37; P = 0.0007), and 0.19 (4.7%; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.30; P = 0.01) mmol/L, respectively. However, the effect of 4 g low-MW oat ?-glucan/d (0.10 mmol/L) was not significant (2.3%; 95% CI: 0.02, -0.20). By analysis of covariance, log(MW ? C) was a significant determinant of LDL cholesterol (P = 0.003). Treatment effects were not significantly influenced by age, sex, study center, or baseline LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: The physicochemical properties of oat ?-glucan should be considered when assessing the cholesterol-lowering ability of oat-containing products; an extruded breakfast cereal containing 3 g oat ?-glucan/d with a high-MW (2,210,000 g/mol) or a medium-MW (530,000 g/mol) lowered LDL cholesterol similarly by ?0.2 mmol/L (5%), but efficacy was reduced by 50% when MW was reduced to 210,000 g/mol. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00981981. %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Bao, Ying- %A Nimptsch, Katharina %A Meyerhardt, Jeffrey %A Chan, Andrew T %A Ng, Kimmie %A Michaud, Dominique S %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Willett, Walter C %A Giovannucci, Edward %A Fuchs, Charles S %T Dietary insulin load, dietary insulin index, and colorectal cancer. %B Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology %D 2010 %V 19 %N 12 %P 3020-6 %@ 1538-7755 %X Circulating insulin levels have been positively associated with risk of colorectal cancer; however, it remains unclear whether a diet inducing an elevated insulin response influences colorectal cancer risk. On the basis of a novel insulin index for individual foods, we estimated insulin demand for overall diets and assessed its association with colorectal cancer in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. %Z FOR Codes: 110306 111204 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Gosby, Alison K %A Campbell, Claudia %A Badaloo, Asha %A Soares-Wynter, Suzanne %A Antonelli, Marion %A Hall, Rosemary %A Martinez-Cordero, Claudia %A Jebb, Susan A %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Caterson, Ian D %A Conigrave, Arthur %A Forrester, Terrence G %A Raubenheimer, David %A Simpson, Stephen J %T Design and testing of foods differing in protein to energy ratios. %B Appetite %D 2010 %V 55 %N 2 %P 367-70 %@ 1095-8304 %X Our aim was to design a selection of foods with differing proportions of protein but equal palatability in two settings, Sydney Australia and Kingston Jamaica. The foods were manipulated to contain 10, 15 or 25% E as protein with reciprocal changes in carbohydrate to 60, 55 or 45% E and dietary fat was kept constant at 30%. Na??ve participants did not identify a difference in protein between the versions. On average, the versions were rated equal in pleasantness (Sydney-10%: 44??2, 15%: 49??2 and 25%: 49??2 Kingston-10%: 41??3, 15%: 41??3 and 25%: 37??3). %Z FOR Codes: 60603 111103 60801 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Gopinath, Bamini %A Flood, Victoria M %A McMahon, Catherine M %A Burlutsky, George %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Mitchell, Paul %T Dietary glycemic load is a predictor of age-related hearing loss in older adults. %B The Journal of nutrition %D 2010 %V 140 %N 12 %P 2207-12 %@ 1541-6100 %X Age-related hearing loss is a frequent disability in older adults and nutrition could play a role in the development of this condition. Carbohydrate nutrition [including dietary glycemic index (GI) and load (GL)] may be linked to hearing loss. We aimed to determine the association between carbohydrate nutrition (including mean dietary GI and GL, and the dietary intakes of carbohydrate and sugar), starch, cereal and total fiber, and age-related hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study is a population-based survey of age-related hearing loss (1997-1999 to 2002-2004). Hearing loss was measured in 2956 participants (aged ???50 y) and was defined as the pure-tone average of frequencies 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 kHz > 25 dB hearing level. Dietary data were collected in a semiquantitative FFQ. A purpose-built database based on Australian GI values was used to calculate the mean GI. A higher mean dietary GI was associated with an increased prevalence of any hearing loss, comparing quintiles 1 (lowest) and 5 (highest), [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio = 1.41 (95% CI = 1.01-1.97)]. Participants in the highest quartile of mean dietary GL intake compared with those in the lowest quartile had a 76% greater risk of developing incident hearing loss (P-trend = 0.04). Higher carbohydrate and sugar intakes were associated with incident hearing loss (P-trend = 0.03 and P-trend = 0.05, respectively). In summary, a high-GL diet was a predictor of incident hearing loss, as was higher intake of total carbohydrate. Hence, high postprandial glycemia might be a potential underlying biological mechanism in the development of age-related hearing loss. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 111706 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Buyken, A E %A Mitchell, P %A Ceriello, A %A Brand-Miller, J %T Optimal dietary approaches for prevention of type 2 diabetes: a life-course perspective. %B Diabetologia %D 2010 %V 53 %N 3 %P 406-18 %@ 1432-0428 %X In recent years, several alternative dietary approaches, including high-protein and low-glycaemic-load diets, have produced faster rates of weight loss than traditional low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets. These diets share an under-recognised unifying mechanism: the reduction of postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. Similarly, some food patterns and specific foods (potatoes, white bread, soft drinks) characterised by hyperglycaemia are associated with higher risk of adiposity and type 2 diabetes. Profound compensatory hyperinsulinaemia, exacerbated by overweight, occurs during critical periods of physiological insulin resistance such as pregnancy and puberty. The dramatic rise in gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes in the young may therefore be traced to food patterns that exaggerate postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. The dietary strategy with the strongest evidence of being able to prevent type 2 diabetes is not the accepted low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, but alternative dietary approaches that reduce postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia without adversely affecting other risk factors. %Z FOR Codes: 1111 %0 Journal Article %A Reynolds, Rebecca C %A Lee, Stephen %A Choi, James Y J %A Atkinson, Fiona %A Stockmann, Karola S %A Petocz, Peter %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T Effect of the Glycemic Index of Carbohydrates on Acne vulgaris %B Nutrients %D 2010 %C Switzerland %I Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MD %V 2 %N 10 %P 1060-1072 %@ 2072-6643 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Kaushik, Shweta %A Wang, Jie Jin %A Wong, Tien Y %A Flood, Victoria %A Barclay, Alan %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Mitchell, Paul %T Glycemic index, retinal vascular caliber, and stroke mortality. %B Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation %D 2009 %V 40 %N 1 %P 206-12 %@ 1524-4628 %X It is unclear whether diets with high glycemic index (GI) and low cereal fiber (CF) are associated with greater risk of stroke. We aimed to assess the relationship between dietary GI and CF content, retinal microvasculature changes, and stroke-related mortality. %Z FOR Codes: 111706 110399 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T Diabetes and Pre-diabetes Handbook: The New Glucose Revolution %B %D 2009 %C Australia %I Hachette Australia %V %N %P %@ 9780733619380 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Dickinson, Scott %A Barclay, Alan %A Allman-Farinelli, Margaret %T Glycemic index, glycemic load, and thrombogenesis. %B Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis %D 2009 %V 35 %N 1 %P 111-8 %@ 1098-9064 %X Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Postprandial glycemic "spikes" adversely affect vascular structure and function via multiple mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, low-density lipoprotein oxidation, protein glycation, and procoagulant activity. Glycemic responses can be reliably predicted by considering both the quantity and quality of carbohydrate. The glycemic index (GI), a measure of carbohydrate quality, has provided insights that knowledge of the sugar or starch content has not. In prospective observational studies, dietary GI and/or glycemic load (GL; the product of the amount of carbohydrate and GI) independently predict CVD, with relative risk ratios of 1.2 to 1.9 comparing highest and lowest quartiles. In randomized controlled trials in overweight subjects, diets based on low GI carbohydrates have decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and other CVD risk factors over and above that of conventional low-fat diets. Taken together, the findings suggest that clinicians may be able to improve CVD outcomes by recommending the judicious use of low GI/GL foods. %Z FOR Codes: 111799 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Stevenson, E J %A Thelwall, P E %A Thomas, K %A Smith, F %A Brand-Miller, J %A Trenell, M I %T Dietary glycemic index influences lipid oxidation but not muscle or liver glycogen oxidation during exercise. %B American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism %D 2009 %V 296 %N 5 %P E1140-7 %@ 0193-1849 %X The glycemic index (GI) of dietary carbohydrates influences glycogen storage in skeletal muscle and circulating nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. We hypothesized that diets differing only in GI would alter intramuscular lipid oxidation and glycogen usage in skeletal muscle and liver during subsequent exercise. Endurance-trained individuals (n = 9) cycled for 90 min at 70% Vo(2peak) and then consumed either high- or low-GI meals over the following 12 h. The following day after an overnight fast, the 90-min cycle was repeated. (1)H and (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used before and after exercise to assess intramuscular lipid and glycogen content of the vastus muscle group and liver. Blood and expired air samples were collected at 15-min intervals throughout exercise. NEFA availability was reduced during exercise in the high- compared with the low-GI trial (area under curve 44.5 +/- 6.0 vs. 38.4 +/- 7.30 mM/h, P < 0.05). Exercise elicited an approximately 55% greater reduction in intramyocellular triglyceride (IMCL) in the high- vs. low-GI trial (1.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.3 mmol/kg wet wt, P < 0.05). There was no difference in the exercise-induced reduction of the glycogen pool in skeletal muscle (76 +/- 8 vs. 68 +/- 5 mM) or in liver (65 +/- 8 vs. 71 +/- 4 mM) between the low- and high-GI trials, respectively. High-GI recovery diets reduce NEFA availability and increase reliance on IMCL during moderate-intensity exercise. Skeletal muscle and liver glycogen storage or usage are not affected by the GI of an acute recovery diet. %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Bao, Jiansong %A de Jong, Vanessa %A Atkinson, Fiona %A Petocz, Peter %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %T Food insulin index: physiologic basis for predicting insulin demand evoked by composite meals. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2009 %V 90 %N 4 %P 986-92 %@ 1938-3207 %X BACKGROUND: Diets that provoke less insulin secretion may be helpful in the prevention and management of diabetes. A physiologic basis for ranking foods according to insulin "demand" could therefore assist further research. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the utility of a food insulin index (FII) that was based on testing isoenergetic portions of single foods (1000 kJ) in predicting the insulin demand evoked by composite meals. DESIGN: Healthy subjects (n = 10 or 11 for each meal) consumed 13 different isoenergetic (2000 kJ) mixed meals of varying macronutrient content. Insulin demand predicted by the FII of the component foods or by carbohydrate counting and glycemic load was compared with observed insulin responses. RESULTS: Observed insulin responses (area under the curve relative to white bread: 100) varied over a 3-fold range (from 35 +/- 5 to 116 +/- 26) and were strongly correlated with insulin demand predicted by the FII of the component foods (r = 0.78, P = 0.0016). The calculated glycemic load (r = 0.68, P = 0.01) but not the carbohydrate content of the meals (r = 0.53, P = 0.064) also predicted insulin demand. CONCLUSIONS: The relative insulin demand evoked by mixed meals is best predicted by a physiologic index based on actual insulin responses to isoenergetic portions of single foods. In the context of composite meals of similar energy value, but varying macronutrient content, carbohydrate counting was of limited value. %Z FOR Codes: 110306 111102 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A McMillan-Price, Joanna %A Steinbeck, Katherine %A Caterson, Ian %T Dietary glycemic index: health implications. %B Journal of the American College of Nutrition %D 2009 %V 28 Suppl %N %P 446S-449S %@ 1541-1087 %X Weight loss can be achieved by any means of energy restriction, but the challenge is to achieve sustainable weight loss and prevent weight "creep" without increasing the risk of chronic disease. The modest success of low fat diets has prompted research on alternative dietary strategies, including high protein diets and low glycemic index (GI) diets. Conventional high carbohydrate diets, even when based on wholegrain foods, increase postprandial glycemia and insulinemia and may compromise weight control via mechanisms related to appetite stimulation, fuel partitioning, and metabolic rate. This paper makes the case for the benefits of low glycemic index diets over higher protein diets. Both strategies are associated with lower postprandial glycemia, and both are commonly labeled as "low glycemic load," but the long-term health effects are likely to be different. A large body of evidence, which now comprises observational prospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and mechanistic experiments in animal models, provides robust support for low GI carbohydrate diets in the prevention of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Although lower carbohydrate, higher protein diets increase the rate of weight loss, cohort studies and meta-analyses of clinical trials suggest the potential for increased mortality. %Z FOR Codes: 110399 111199 %0 Journal Article %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T Glycaemic index and glycaemic load: Crunch time? %B Nutrition & Dietetics %D 2009 %C Australia, New Zealand %I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia %V 66 %N 3 %P 136-137 %@ 1446-6368 %X %Z FOR Codes: 1111 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %T The New Glucose Revolution Low GI Gluten-free Eating Made Easy %B %D 2009 %C United States %I Da Capo Press %V %N %P %@ 9780733622380 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Moses, Robert G %A Barker, Megan %A Winter, Meagan %A Petocz, Peter %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %T Can a low-glycemic index diet reduce the need for insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus? A randomized trial. %B Diabetes Care %D 2009 %V 32 %N 6 %P 996-1000 %@ 1935-5548 %X OBJECTIVE: A low-glycemic index diet is effective as a treatment for individuals with diabetes and has been shown to improve pregnancy outcomes when used from the first trimester. A low-glycemic index diet is commonly advised as treatment for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, the efficacy of this advice and associated pregnancy outcomes have not been systematically examined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prescribing a low-glycemic index diet for women with GDM could reduce the number of women requiring insulin without compromise of pregnancy outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: All women with GDM seen over a 12-month period were considered for inclusion in the study. Women (n = 63) were randomly assigned to receive either a low-glycemic index diet or a conventional high-fiber (and higher glycemic index) diet. RESULTS: Of the 31 women randomly assigned to a low-glycemic index diet, 9 (29%) required insulin. Of the women randomly assigned to a higher-glycemic index diet, a significantly higher proportion, 19 of 32 (59%), met the criteria to commence insulin treatment (P = 0.023). However, 9 of these 19 women were able to avoid insulin use by changing to a low-glycemic index diet. Key obstetric and fetal outcomes were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Using a low-glycemic index diet for women with GDM effectively halved the number needing to use insulin, with no compromise of obstetric or fetal outcomes. %Z FOR Codes: 111102 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Stockmann, Karola %A Atkinson, Fiona %A Petocz, Peter %A Denyer, Gareth %T Glycemic index, postprandial glycemia, and the shape of the curve in healthy subjects: analysis of a database of more than 1,000 foods. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2009 %V 89 %N 1 %P 97-105 %@ 1938-3207 %X The glycemic index (GI) characterizes foods by using the incremental area under the glycemic response curve relative to a similar amount of oral glucose. Its ability to differentiate between curves of different shapes, the peak response, and other aspects of the glycemic response is debatable. %Z FOR Codes: 111103 %0 Book Section %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Mann, Neil %A Cordain, Loren %T Paleolithic nutrition: what did our ancestors eat? %B ISS2009: Genes to Galaxies %D 2009 %C Australia %I University of Sydney %V %N %P 28-43 %@ 9780959947120 %E Selinger, Adam %E Green, Anne %X %Z FOR Codes: 111199 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Gill, Timothy P %A Baur, Louise A %A Bauman, Adrian E %A Steinbeck, Kate S %A Storlien, Leonard H %A Fiatarone Singh, Maria A %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Colagiuri, Stephen %A Caterson, Ian D %T Childhood obesity in Australia remains a widespread health concern that warrants population-wide prevention programs. %B Medical Journal of Australia %D 2009 %V 190 %N 3 %P 146-8 %@ 0025-729X %X Recent reports have suggested that the problem of childhood and adolescent obesity has been exaggerated in Australia, and that community-wide obesity prevention initiatives are not warranted; we argue that this is not an accurate reflection of the situation. Available data indicate that obesity affects 6%-8% of Australian schoolchildren, and that the proportion has continued to increase in recent years. Childhood and adolescent obesity is associated with a wide range of immediate health concerns, as well as increasing the risk of disease in adulthood. Some weight-related health problems are also found in overweight children. A range of strategies, including whole-of-community obesity prevention programs, will be required to tackle this problem. Concerns about disordered eating in children and adolescents should not preclude appropriate action on childhood obesity. %Z FOR Codes: 111706 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Buyken, Anette E %A G?nther, Anke L B %A Barclay, Alan %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Schulze, Matthias B %T Glycemic index in overweight development: distinguishing limited evidence from limits in evidence. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2009 %V 90 %N 1 %P 243-4; author reply 244-6 %@ 1938-3207 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111102 %0 Journal Article %~ Isi %A van Bakel, M. M. E. %A Slimani, N. %A Feskens, E. J. M. %A Du, H. D. %A Beulens, J. W. J. %A van der Schouw, Y. T. %A Brighenti, F. %A Halkjaer, J. %A Cust, A. E. %A Ferrari, P. %A Brand-Miller, J. %A Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B. %A Peeters, P. %A Ardanaz, E. %A Dorronsoro, M. %A Crowe, F. L. %A Bingham, S. %A Rohrmann, S. %A Boeing, H. %A Johansson, I. %A Manjer, J. %A Tjonneland, A. %A Overvad, K. %A Lund, E. %A Skeie, G. %A Mattiello, A. %A Salvini, S. %A Clavel-Chapelon, F. %A Kaakszs, R. %T Methodological Challenges In the Application of the Glycemic Index In Epidemiological Studies Using Data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition %B Journal of Nutrition %D 2009 %C United States %I American Society for Nutrition %V 139 %N 3 %P 568-575 %@ 0022-3166 %X %Z FOR Codes: 1111 %0 Journal Article %A Small, Penelope %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T From Complex Carbohydrate to Glycemic Index: Tracing the Controversy %B Nutrition Today %D 2009 %C United States %I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins %V 44 %N 6 %P 236-243 %@ 0029-666X %X %Z FOR Codes: 1111 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Moses, Robert G %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %T Dietary risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus: are sugar-sweetened soft drinks culpable or guilty by association? %B Diabetes Care %D 2009 %V 32 %N 12 %P 2314-5 %@ 1935-5548 %X %Z FOR Codes: 1111 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Barclay, Alan W %A Petocz, Peter %A McMillan-Price, Joanna %A Flood, Victoria M %A Prvan, Tania %A Mitchell, Paul %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %T Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk--a meta-analysis of observational studies. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2008 %V 87 %N 3 %P 627-37 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: Inconsistent findings from observational studies have prolonged the controversy over the effects of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) on the risk of certain chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the association between GI, GL, and chronic disease risk with the use of meta-analysis techniques. DESIGN: A systematic review of published reports identified a total of 37 prospective cohort studies of GI and GL and chronic disease risk. Studies were stratified further according to the validity of the tools used to assess dietary intake. Rate ratios (RRs) were estimated in a Cox proportional hazards model and combined by using a random-effects model. RESULTS: From 4 to 20 y of follow-up across studies, a total of 40 129 incident cases were identified. For the comparison between the highest and lowest quantiles of GI and GL, significant positive associations were found in fully adjusted models of validated studies for type 2 diabetes (GI RR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.59; GL RR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.45), coronary heart disease (GI RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.56), gallbladder disease (GI RR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.40; GL RR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.60), breast cancer (GI RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.16), and all diseases combined (GI RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.19; GL RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.15). CONCLUSIONS: Low-GI and/or low-GL diets are independently associated with a reduced risk of certain chronic diseases. In diabetes and heart disease, the protection is comparable with that seen for whole grain and high fiber intakes. The findings support the hypothesis that higher postprandial glycemia is a universal mechanism for disease progression. %Z FOR Codes: 111706 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Marsh, Kate %T The low glycemic index diet: new way of eating for all? %B Polskie archiwum medycyny wewnetrznej %D 2008 %V 118 %N 6 %P 332-4 %@ 0032-3772 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A McMillan-Price, Joanna %A Steinbeck, Katherine %A Caterson, Ian %T Carbohydrates--the good, the bad and the whole grain. %B Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2008 %V 17 Suppl 1 %N %P 16-9 %@ 0964-7058 %X Weight loss can be achieved by any means of energy restriction, but the challenge is to achieve sustainable weight loss and prevent weight 'creep' without increasing the risk of chronic disease. The modest success of low fat diets has prompted research on alternative dietary strategies including high protein diets and low glycemic index (GI) diets. Conventional high carbohydrate diets, even when based on whole grain foods, increase postprandial glycaemia and insulinemia and may compromise weight control via mechanisms relating to appetite stimulation, fuel partitioning and metabolic rate. This paper makes the case for the benefits of low glycemic index diets over higher protein diets. Both strategies are associated with lower postprandial glycemia and both are commonly labelled as 'low glycemic load' but the long-term health effects are likely to be different. There is now a large body of evidence comprising observational prospective cohort studies, randomised controlled trials and mechanistic experiments in animal models, that provides robust support for low GI carbohydrate diets in the prevention of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While lower carbohydrate, higher protein diets also increase the rate of weight loss, cohort studies and meta-analyses of clinical trials suggest the potential for increased mortality. %Z FOR Codes: 1111 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Wolever, Thomas M S %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Abernethy, John %A Astrup, Arne %A Atkinson, Fiona %A Axelsen, Mette %A Bj?rck, Inger %A Brighenti, Furio %A Brown, Rachel %A Brynes, Audrey %A Casiraghi, M Cristina %A Cazaubiel, Murielle %A Dahlqvist, Linda %A Delport, Elizabeth %A Denyer, Gareth S %A Erba, Daniela %A Frost, Gary %A Granfeldt, Yvonne %A Hampton, Shelagh %A Hart, Valerie A %A H?t?nen, Katja A %A Henry, C Jeya %A Hertzler, Steve %A Hull, Sarah %A Jerling, Johann %A Johnston, Kelly L %A Lightowler, Helen %A Mann, Neil %A Morgan, Linda %A Panlasigui, Leonora N %A Pelkman, Christine %A Perry, Tracy %A Pfeiffer, Andreas F H %A Pieters, Marlien %A Ramdath, D Dan %A Ramsingh, Rayna T %A Robert, S Daniel %A Robinson, Carol %A Sarkkinen, Essi %A Scazzina, Francesca %A Sison, Dave Clark D %A Sloth, Birgitte %A Staniforth, Jane %A Tapola, Niina %A Valsta, Liisa M %A Verkooijen, Inge %A Weickert, Martin O %A Weseler, Antje R %A Wilkie, Paul %A Zhang, Jian %T Measuring the glycemic index of foods: interlaboratory study. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2008 %V 87 %N 1 %P 247S-257S %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: Many laboratories offer glycemic index (GI) services. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the performance of the method used to measure GI. DESIGN: The GI of cheese-puffs and fruit-leather (centrally provided) was measured in 28 laboratories (n=311 subjects) by using the FAO/WHO method. The laboratories reported the results of their calculations and sent the raw data for recalculation centrally. RESULTS: Values for the incremental area under the curve (AUC) reported by 54% of the laboratories differed from central calculations. Because of this and other differences in data analysis, 19% of reported food GI values differed by >5 units from those calculated centrally. GI values in individual subjects were unrelated to age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, or AUC but were negatively related to within-individual variation (P=0.033) expressed as the CV of the AUC for repeated reference food tests (refCV). The between-laboratory GI values (mean+/-SD) for cheese-puffs and fruit-leather were 74.3+/-10.5 and 33.2+/-7.2, respectively. The mean laboratory GI was related to refCV (P=0.003) and the type of restrictions on alcohol consumption before the test (P=0.006, r2=0.509 for model). The within-laboratory SD of GI was related to refCV (P<0.001), the glucose analysis method (P=0.010), whether glucose measures were duplicated (P=0.008), and restrictions on dinner the night before (P=0.013, r2=0.810 for model). CONCLUSIONS: The between-laboratory SD of the GI values is approximately 9. Standardized data analysis and low within-subject variation (refCV<30%) are required for accuracy. The results suggest that common misconceptions exist about which factors do and do not need to be controlled to improve precision. Controlled studies and cost-benefit analyses are needed to optimize GI methodology. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00260858. %Z FOR Codes: 1111 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Dickinson, Scott %A Hancock, Dale P %A Petocz, Peter %A Ceriello, Antonio %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %T High-glycemic index carbohydrate increases nuclear factor-kappaB activation in mononuclear cells of young, lean healthy subjects. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2008 %V 87 %N 5 %P 1188-93 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: High-glycemic index diets have been linked to greater risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Postprandial glycemia within the normal range may promote oxidative stress and inflammatory processes underlying the development of disease. OBJECTIVE: We explored acute differences in the activation of the inflammatory marker nuclear factor-kappaB after consumption of 2 carbohydrate meals matched for macronutrient and micronutrient composition but differing in glycemic index. DESIGN: After an overnight fast, 10 young, lean healthy subjects were fed in random order 3 meals providing 50 g of available carbohydrate as glucose, white bread, or pasta. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, and 3 h, and nuclear proteins were extracted from mononuclear cells. Changes in nuclear factor-kappaB-p65 proteins were detected by Western blotting. Acute changes in other markers of oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1) were also assessed. RESULTS: The maximum increase in nuclear factor-kappaB activation was similar after the bread meal [mean (+/-SEM) area under the curve: 69 +/- 16% optical density x h] and the glucose challenge (75 +/- 9% optical density x h), but was 3 times higher than after the pasta meal (23 +/- 5% optical density x h) (P < 0.05). Similarly, changes in nitrotyrosine, but not soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, were higher after glucose and bread than after pasta (P = 0.01 at 2 h). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that high-normal physiologic increases in blood glucose after meals aggravate inflammatory processes in lean, young adults. This mechanism may help to explain relations between carbohydrates, glycemic index, and the risk of chronic disease. %Z FOR Codes: 1111 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Kaushik, Shweta %A Wang, Jie Jin %A Flood, Victoria %A Tan, Jennifer Sue Ling %A Barclay, Alan W %A Wong, Tien Y %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Mitchell, Paul %T Dietary glycemic index and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2008 %V 88 %N 4 %P 1104-10 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: Dietary factors are known risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-the leading cause of visual loss among persons aged > or =65 y. High-glycemic-index diets have been hypothesized as a risk factor for AMD, but prospective data are unavailable. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the association between dietary glycemic index and the 10-y incidence of AMD in the Blue Mountain Eye Study population. DESIGN: This was a population-based cohort study with 3,654 participants (> or =49 y) examined at baseline (1992-1994); 2,335 patients were reexamined after 5 y and 1952 after 10 y. The Wisconsin System was used to grade 10-y incident early and late AMD from retinal photographs. A food-frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary information at baseline, and an Australian database was used to calculate the mean glycemic index. RESULTS: Over 10 y, 208 of 1,810 persons (cumulative incidence: 14.1%) developed early AMD. After age, smoking, other risk factors, and dietary constituents were adjusted for, a higher mean dietary glycemic index was associated with an increased 10-y risk of early AMD in a comparison of quartiles 1 and 4 [relative risk (RR): 1.77; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.78; P for trend = 0.03]. Conversely, a greater consumption of cereal fiber (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.44, 1.04; P for trend = 0.05) and breads and cereals (predominantly lower glycemic index foods such as oatmeal) (RR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.44, 1.02; P for trend = 0.03) was associated with a reduced risk of incident early AMD. No relation was observed with late AMD. CONCLUSIONS: A high-glycemic-index diet is a risk factor for early AMD-the recognized precursor of sight-threatening late AMD. Low-glycemic-index foods such as oatmeal may protect against early AMD. %Z FOR Codes: 111301 111199 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Reynolds, R C %A Stockmann, K S %A Atkinson, F S %A Denyer, G S %A Brand-Miller, J C %T Effect of the glycemic index of carbohydrates on day-long (10 h) profiles of plasma glucose, insulin, cholecystokinin and ghrelin. %B European Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2008 %V 63 %N 7 %P 872-8 %@ 1476-5640 %X Low glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates have been linked to increased satiety. The drive to eat may be mediated by postprandial changes in glucose, insulin and gut peptides.Objective:To investigate the effect of a low and a high GI diet on day-long (10 h) blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and ghrelin (GHR). %Z FOR Codes: 111199 %0 Journal Article %A Barclay, A W %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T Reply to T P Tuomainen et al %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2008 %C United States %I American Society for Nutrition %V 88 %N %P 478-479 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %T The New Glucose Revolution Low GI Family Cookbook %B %D 2008 %C United States %I Da Capo Press %V %N %P %@ 9781600940330 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %T The New Glucose Revolution Shopper's Guide to GI Values %B %D 2008 %C United States %I Da Capo Press %V %N %P %@ 9781600940378 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %T Low GI Shopper's Guide to GI Values: 2008 %B %D 2008 %C Australia %I Hachette Australia %V %N %P %@ 9780733622656 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Trenell, Michael I %A Stevenson, Emma %A Stockmann, Karola %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %T Effect of high and low glycaemic index recovery diets on intramuscular lipid oxidation during aerobic exercise. %B The British Journal of Nutrition %D 2008 %V 99 %N 2 %P 326-32 %@ 0007-1145 %X Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) and plasma NEFA are important skeletal muscle fuel sources. By raising blood insulin concentrations, carbohydrate ingestion inhibits lypolysis and reduces circulating NEFA. We hypothesised that differences in the postprandial glycaemic and insulin response to carbohydrates (i.e. glycaemic index; GI) could alter NEFA availability and IMCL use during subsequent exercise. Endurance-trained individuals (n 7) cycled for 90 min at 70 % V O2peak and then consumed either high GI (HGI) or low GI (LGI) meals over the following 12 h. The following day after an overnight fast, the 90 min cycle was repeated. IMCL content of the vastus lateralis was quantified using magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after exercise. Blood samples were collected at 15 min intervals throughout exercise and analysed for NEFA, glycerol, glucose, insulin, and lactate. Substrate oxidation was calculated from expired air samples. The 90 min cycle resulted in >2-fold greater reduction in IMCL in the HGI trial (3.5 (sem 1.0) mm/kg wet weight) than the LGI trial (1.6 (sem 0.3) mm/kg wet weight, P < 0.05). During exercise, NEFA availability was reduced in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial (area under curve 2.36 (sem 0.14) mEq/l per h v. 3.14 (sem 0.28) mEq/l per h, P < 0.05 respectively). No other differences were significant. The findings suggest that HGI carbohydrates reduce NEFA availability during exercise and increase reliance on IMCL as a substrate source during moderate intensity exercise. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 110602 %0 Journal Article %A Marsh, K %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T State of the Art Reviews: glycaemic index, obesity and chronic disease %B American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine %D 2008 %C United States %I Sage Science Press %V 2 %N %P 142-150 %@ 1559-8276 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %A Barclay, A W %A Flood, V M %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Prvan, T %T Reply to H G Mulholland et al %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2008 %C United States %I American Society for Nutrition %V 88 %N %P 476-477 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Louie, Jimmy Chun Yu %A Atkinson, Fiona %A Petocz, Peter %T Delayed effects of coffee, tea and sucrose on postprandial glycemia in lean, young, healthy adults. %B Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2008 %V 17 %N 4 %P 657-62 %@ 0964-7058 %X In observational studies, habitual coffee consumption has been linked to a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. We hy-pothesized that the mechanism may be related to delayed effects on postprandial glycemia. The aim of this study is to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic effects of consumption of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, sweetened and unsweetened, tea and sucrose, 1 h prior to a high carbohydrate meal. On separate occasions in random order, lean young healthy subjects (n = 8) consumed a potato-based meal 1 hour after consumption of 250 mL of black coffee (COF), black coffee sweetened with 10 g of sucrose (COF+SUC), decaffeinated coffee (DECAF), black tea (TEA), 10 g sucrose (SUC) or hot water (CON). Fingerprick blood samples were taken at regular intervals over 2 h and the glucose and insulin responses quantified as area under the curve. Compared to CON, COF caused a 28% increase in postprandial glycemia (p = 0.022). In contrast, COF+SUC decreased glycemia compared with either COF (-38%, p<0.001) or CON (-20%, p = 0.100) but had no effect on insulin responses. DECAF, TEA and SUC had no significant effects on postprandial responses. SUC and DECAF reduced the absolute glucose concentration at the start of the meal (p<0.01). In conclusion, only sweetened coffee significantly reduces postprandial glycemia. This observation may explain the paradoxical findings of observational and clinical studies relating coffee drinking to diabetes risk. %Z FOR Codes: 1111 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %T Effects of glycemic load on weight loss in overweight adults. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2007 %V 86 %N 4 %P 1249-1250 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Fatima, Kaniz %A Middlemiss, Christopher %A Bare, Marian %A Liu, Vicki %A Atkinson, Fiona %A Petocz, Peter %T Effect of alcoholic beverages on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in lean, young, healthy adults. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2007 %V 85 %N 6 %P 1545-51 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: Ethanol's ability to inhibit gluconeogenesis might reduce postprandial glycemia in realistic meal settings. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to explore the effect of 3 types of alcoholic beverages consumed alone, with a meal, or 1 h before a meal on postprandial glycemia in healthy subjects. DESIGN: In study 1, isoenergetic (1000 kJ) servings of beer, white wine, and gin were compared with a 1000-kJ portion of white bread. In study 2, the same servings were compared with water as an accompaniment to a bread meal. In study 3, 20-g alcohol portions were served as a premeal drink. Fingertip capillary blood samples were taken at regular intervals over 2-3 h. RESULTS: In study 1, the mean (+/-SE) glucose scores for beer (58 +/- 11), wine (7 +/- 3), and gin (10 +/- 5) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those for bread (= 100). In study 2, meals consumed with beer (84 +/- 11; P = 0.03), wine (63 +/- 6; P < 0.001), and gin (80 +/- 12; P = 0.007) produced less glycemia than did the meal consumed with water (= 100). In study 3, all 3 beverages reduced the postprandial glycemic response to the subsequent meal (67 +/- 5, 75 +/- 6, and 78 +/- 4 with the beer, wine, and gin trials, respectively; P < 0.003). CONCLUSION: In realistic settings, alcoholic beverage consumption lowers postprandial glycemia by 16-37%, which represents an unrecognized mechanism by which alcohol may reduce the risk of chronic disease. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Tan, Jennifer %A Wang, Jie Jin %A Flood, Victoria %A Kaushik, Shweta %A Barclay, Alan %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Mitchell, Paul %T Carbohydrate nutrition, glycemic index, and the 10-y incidence of cataract. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2007 %V 86 %N 5 %P 1502-8 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: Although dietary carbohydrates are thought to play a role in cataractogenesis, few epidemiologic studies have examined links between carbohydrate nutrition and cataract. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the associations between dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), total carbohydrate intake, and 10-y incident nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataract. DESIGN: Of 3654 baseline participants in an Australian population aged >/=49 y (1992-1994), 933 were seen after 5 and/or 10 y, had completed a detailed semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, had no previous cataract surgery or baseline cataract, and had photographs taken to assess incident cataract with the Wisconsin Cataract Grading System. Dietary information was collected with a validated food questionnaire. GI was calculated from a customized database of Australian foods. GI, GL, and all other nutrients were energy adjusted. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were calculated with the use of discrete logistic models. RESULTS: After age, sex, diabetes, and other factors were controlled for, each SD increase in GI significantly predicted incident cortical cataract (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.39). Participants within the highest compared with the lowest quartile of GI were more likely to develop incident cortical cataract (HR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.78; P for trend = 0.035). These findings were similar after excluding participants with diabetes, although they were slightly attenuated and marginally nonsignificant (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.37, per SD increase in GI). No association was found between GI and nuclear or posterior subcapsular cataract and between GL or carbohydrate quantity and any cataract subtype. CONCLUSION: In an Australian cohort, poorer dietary carbohydrate quality, reflected by high GI, predicted incident cortical cataract. %0 Journal Article %~ Isi %A Brand-Miller, J %T The glycemic index as a measure of health and nutritional quality: An Australian perspective %B CEREAL FOODS WORLD %D 2007 %C United States %I American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc. %V 52 %N 2 %P 41-44 %@ 0146-6283 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Isi %A Petocz, P %A McMillan-Price, J %A Brand-Miller, J %T Glycemic load and cardiovascular risk - Reply %B ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE %D 2007 %C 515 N State St, Chic %I Amer Medical Assoc %V 167 %N 2 %P 206-207 %@ 0003-9926 %X %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Barclay, Alan W %A Flood, Victoria M %A Mappstat, Elena Rochtchina %A Mitchell, Paul %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %T Glycemic index, dietary fiber, and risk of type 2 diabetes in a cohort of older Australians. %B Diabetes Care %D 2007 %V 30 %N 11 %P 2811-3 %@ 1935-5548 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111706 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Moses, Robert G %A Luebke, Megan %A Petocz, Peter %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %T Maternal diet and infant size 2 y after the completion of a study of a low-glycemic-index diet in pregnancy. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2007 %V 86 %N 6 %P 1806 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A McMillan-Price, J %A Petocz, P %T Glycaemic load and cardiovascular risk %B Archvies of Internal Medicine %D 2007 %C United States %I American Medical Association %V 167 %N %P 206-207 %@ 0003-9926 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Dickinson, Scott %A Barclay, Alan %A Celermajer, David %T The glycemic index and cardiovascular disease risk. %B Current atherosclerosis reports %D 2007 %V 9 %N 6 %P 479-85 %@ 1534-6242 %X Postprandial hyperglycemia is increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Glycemic "spikes" may adversely affect vascular structure and function via multiple mechanisms, including (acutely and/or chronically) oxidative stress, inflammation, low-density lipoprotein oxidation, protein glycation, and procoagulant activity. Postprandial glycemia can be reliably predicted by considering both the amount and type of carbohydrate. In particular, the glycemic index (GI), a measure of postprandial glycemic potency weight for weight of carbohydrate, has provided insights that knowledge of the sugar or starch content has not. In prospective observational studies, dietary GI and/or glycemic load independently predict cardiovascular disease, with relative risk ratios of 1.2 to 1.7 comparing highest and lowest quintiles. In randomized controlled trials in overweight subjects, diets based on low-GI carbohydrates have produced better cardiovascular-related outcomes than conventional low-fat diets. Taken together, the findings suggest that health professionals may be able to improve cardiovascular outcomes by recommending the judicious use of low- GI/glycemic load foods. %Z FOR Codes: 110201 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Wang, Bing %A Downing, Jeff A %A Petocz, Peter %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Bryden, Wayne L %T Metabolic fate of intravenously administered N-acetylneuraminic acid-6-14C in newborn piglets. %B Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2007 %V 16 %N 1 %P 110-5 %@ 0964-7058 %X Background: Sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid), a component of gangliosides and sialylglycoproteins, may be a conditional nutrient in early life because endogenous synthesis is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic fate of intravenously administrated N-acetylneuraminic acid-6-14C (sialic acid) in piglets. Method: Three-day-old male domestic piglets (Sus scrofa) were injected via the jugular vein with 5 muCi (11-12x106 cpm) of N-acetylneuraminic acid-6-14C (specific activity of 55 mCi/mmol). Blood samples were collected at regular intervals over the next 120 min. The organs were then removed and the urine collected for determination of residual radioactivity. Results: Within 2 min of injection, 80% of the activity was removed from the blood and by 120 min the remaining activity approached 8%. At 120 min, the brain contained significantly more radioactivity (cpm/g tissue) than the liver, pancreas, heart and spleen, but less than the kidneys. Within the brain, the percentage of total injected activity was highest in the cerebrum (0.175 +/-0.008) followed by the cerebellum (0.0295 +/-0.006, p=0.00006) and the thalamus (0.029 +/- 0.006, p =0.00003). Conclusions: An exogenous source of sialic acid is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and being taken up into various tissues. The findings suggest that dietary sources of sialic acid may contribute to early brain development in newborn mammals. %Z FOR Codes: 110102 111716 110101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Haug, Anna %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Christophersen, Olav A %A McArthur, Jennifer %A Fayet, Flavia %A Truswell, Stewart %T A food "lifeboat": food and nutrition considerations in the event of a pandemic or other catastrophe. %B Medical Journal of Australia %D 2007 %V 187 %N 11-12 %P 674-6 %@ 0025-729X %X Influenza pandemics are a real risk and are best managed by self-isolation and social distancing to reduce the risk of infection and spread. Such isolation depends on availability of food of adequate quantity and quality. Australia has one of the most concentrated food supplies of any country, making rapid food depletion more likely in a crisis. Food stockpiling by both authorities and citizens is an important safety precaution that should be given greater media coverage. Food and nutrition guidelines are provided for survival rations in the event of a pandemic or other catastrophe. %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %A Colagiuri, Stephen %A Slama, G %T L'index glycemique: un allie pour mieux manger %B %D 2007 %C France %I Hachete Livre %V %N %P %@ 9782501046671 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111199 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Wang, Bing %A Yu, Bing %A Karim, Muhsin %A Hu, Honghua %A Sun, Yun %A McGreevy, Paul %A Petocz, Peter %A Held, Suzanne %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %T Dietary sialic acid supplementation improves learning and memory in piglets. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2007 %V 85 %N 2 %P 561-9 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: Sialic acid, a key component of both human milk oligosaccharides and neural tissues, may be a conditional nutrient during periods of rapid brain growth. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that variations in the sialic acid content of a formula milk would influence early learning behavior and gene expression of enzymes involved in sialic acid metabolism in piglets. DESIGN: Piglets (n = 54) were allocated to 1 of 4 groups fed sow milk replacer supplemented with increasing amounts of sialic acid as casein glycomacropeptide for 35 d. Learning performance and memory were assessed with the use of easy and difficult visual cues in an 8-arm radial maze. Brain ganglioside and sialoprotein concentrations and mRNA expression of 2 learning-associated genes (ST8SIA4 and GNE) were measured. RESULTS: In both tests, the supplemented groups learned in significantly fewer trials than did the control group, with a dose-response relation for the difficult task (P = 0.018) but not the easy task. In the hippocampus, significant dose-response relations were observed between amount of sialic acid supplementation and mRNA levels of ST8SIA4 (P = 0.002) and GNE (P = 0.004), corresponding with proportionate increases in protein-bound sialic acid concentrations in the frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding a protein-bound source of sialic acid during early development enhanced learning and increased expression of 2 genes associated with learning in developing piglets. Sialic acid in mammalian milks could play a role in cognitive development. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Barclay, Alan Winston %A Flood, Victoria Mary %A Brand-Miller, Jennie Cecile %A Mitchell, Paul %T Validity of carbohydrate, glycaemic index and glycaemic load data obtained using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. %B Public Health Nutrition %D 2007 %V 11 %N 6 %P 573-80 %@ 1368-9800 %X To assess the ability of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to rank Australians according to their intake of total carbohydrate, sugar, starch, fibre, glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL). %0 Journal Article %~ Isi %A Brand-Miller, J %A Zeng, XY %A Hu, H %A Stephens, L %A Wang, B %A Ramanathan, P %T Global gene transcription profiling supports dietary sialic acid (Sia) supplementation effects on brain development and cognition in piglets %B ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM %D 2007 %C Switzerland %I S. Karger AG %V 51 %N %P 77-77 %@ %X %0 Journal Article %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T The glycemic index %B Cardiology in General Practice %D 2007 %C Australia %I Good Health Publications %V 2 %N %P 22 %@ 1835-9833 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110201 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Barclay, Alan W %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Mitchell, Paul %T Macronutrient intake, glycaemic index and glycaemic load of older Australian subjects with and without diabetes: baseline data from the Blue Mountains Eye Study. %B The British Journal of Nutrition %D 2006 %V 96 %N 1 %P 117-23 %@ 0007-1145 %X Individuals with diabetes receive more nutrition advice than other population segments yet little is known about how well they comply or differ in nutrient intake from the rest of the population. The present study determined the mean macronutrient intake, glycaemic index (GI), and glycaemic load (GL) of a cohort of 3654 older Australians, with and without diabetes. Fasting pathology tests, including plasma glucose, were obtained for 88 % of the 3654 residents, and a 145-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was completed by 2900 residents (89 %) between 1992 and 1994. In total, 6 % of participants had diagnosed diabetes. Valid food-frequency data were available for 2736 without and 164 individuals with diabetes. The GI and GL were calculated from a customised database of Australian foods. Individuals with diabetes consumed significantly more protein (P=0.001) and less sugars (P/=25 [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters]) were assigned to 1 of 4 reduced-fat, high-fiber diets for 12 weeks. Diets 1 and 2 were high carbohydrate (55% of total energy intake), with high and low GIs, respectively; diets 3 and 4 were high protein (25% of total energy intake), with high and low GIs, respectively. The glycemic load was highest in diet 1 and lowest in diet 4. Changes in weight, body composition, and blood chemistry profile were studied. RESULTS: While all groups lost a similar mean +/- SE percentage of weight (diet 1, -4.2% +/- 0.6%; diet 2, -5.5% +/- 0.5%; diet 3, -6.2% +/- 0.4%; and diet 4, -4.8% +/- 0.7%; P = .09), the proportion of subjects in each group who lost 5% or more of body weight varied significantly by diet (diet 1, 31%; diet 2, 56%; diet 3, 66%; and diet 4, 33%; P = .01). Women on diets 2 and 3 lost approximately 80% more fat mass (-4.5 +/- 0.5 [mean +/- SE] kg and -4.6 +/- 0.5 kg) than those on diet 1 (-2.5 +/- 0.5 kg; P = .007). Mean +/- SE low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels declined significantly in the diet 2 group (-6.6 +/- 3.9 mg/dL [-0.17 +/- 0.10 mmol/L]) but increased in the diet 3 group (+10.0 +/- 3.9 mg/dL [+0.26 +/- 0.10 mmol/L]; P = .02). Goals for energy distribution were not achieved exactly: both carbohydrate groups ate less fat, and the diet 2 group ate more fiber. CONCLUSION: Both high-protein and low-GI regimens increase body fat loss, but cardiovascular risk reduction is optimized by a high-carbohydrate, low-GI diet.Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00254215. %Z FOR Codes: 110299 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, Kaye %A Marsh, Kate %A Sandall, Philippa %T The Low GI Vegetarian Cookbook %B %D 2006 %C Sydney %I Hodder Australia %V %N %P %@ 0733621201 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110102 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, Kaye %T Shoppers Guide to GI Values 2006, Australia and New Zealand %B %D 2006 %C Sydney %I Hodder Australia %V %N %P %@ 0733620361 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110102 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, Kaye %A McMillian-Price, Joanna %T The Low GI Diet: 12-week action plan %B %D 2006 %C Sydney %I Hodder Australia %V %N %P %@ 0733620531 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110102 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, Kaye %A Leeds, Anthony %T The Low GI Guide to your heart and the Metabolic Sydndrome %B %D 2006 %C Sydney %I Hodder Australia %V %N %P %@ 0733620639 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110102 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, Kaye %A Colagiuri, Stephen %A Slama, G?rard %T L'index glycemique: un allie pour mieux manger %B %D 2006 %C France %I Marabout %V %N %P %@ 9782501046671 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111104 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Isi %A Wolever, T. M. S. %A Yang, M. %A Zeng, X. Y. %A Atkinson, F. %A Brand-Miller, J. C. %T Food glycemic index, as given in Glycemic Index tables, is a significant determinant of glycemic responses elicited by composite breakfast meals. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2006 %C United States %I American Society for Nutrition %V 83 %N 6 %P 1306-1312 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Isi %A Moses, R. G. %A Luebcke, M. %A Davis, W. S. %A Coleman, K. J. %A Tapsell, L. C. %A Petocz, P. %A Brand-Miller, J. C. %T Effect of a low-glycemic-index diet during pregnancy on obstetric outcomes. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2006 %C United States %I American Society for Nutrition %V 84 %N 4 %P 807-812 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111402 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Isi %A Wolever, T. M. S. %A Brand-Miller, J. C. %T Influence of glycemic index/load on glycemic response, appetite, and food intake in healthy humans - Response. %B Diabetes Care %D 2006 %C USA %I American Diabetes Association %V 29 %N 2 %P 474-475 %@ 0149-5992 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Garsetti, Marcella %A Vinoy, Sophie %A Lang, Vincent %A Holt, Susanna %A Loyer, Stephanie %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %T The glycemic and insulinemic index of plain sweet biscuits: relationships to in vitro starch digestibility. %B Journal of the American College of Nutrition %D 2005 %V 24 %N 6 %P 441-7 %@ 0731-5724 %X BACKGROUND: Among the various classes of processed starchy foods, wheat-based cereal products exhibit a wide range in glycemic and insulinemic responses. Understanding starch behavior during cooking and processing may help identify strategies that lower postprandial glycemia and insulinemia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the in vivo glycemic index (GI)/insulinemic index (II) and in vitro digestibility and composition characteristics (rapidly available glucose and slowly available glucose, RAG and SAG respectively) of 24 plain sweet biscuits (cookies). METHODS: The products were commercially available and selected on the basis of their high starch content. In vivo responses (GI and II) were measured by standardised methods over 7 studies, with 12 subjects in each study (30 males, 42 females). In vitro digestibility characteristics were measured by the Englyst procedure. RESULTS: The observed GI ranged from 38 to 60 (low to moderate) with the majority between 40 and 50, and correlated strongly with the observed insulinemic index (r = 0.76, P < 0.0001). The digestibility profile of carbohydrates was significantly correlated to in vivo responses (SAG and GI: r = -0.41; p = 0.04; SAG and II: r = -0.52; p < 0.01; RAG and GI: r = 0.5; p = 0.01; RAG and II: r = 0.34; p = 0.1) and explained in vivo responses better than fat, protein and fiber content amongst this selection of plain sweet biscuits. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that plain sweet biscuits have a low GI and a moderate II and that these characteristics are correlated to in vitro starch digestibility and are dependent on the type of processing. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Marsh, Kate %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %T The optimal diet for women with polycystic ovary syndrome? %B The British Journal of Nutrition %D 2005 %V 94 %N 2 %P 154-65 %@ 0007-1145 %X An optimal diet is one that not only prevents nutrient deficiencies by providing sufficient nutrients and energy for human growth and reproduction, but that also promotes health and longevity and reduces the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. The composition of the optimal diet for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is not yet known, but such a diet must not only assist short term with weight management, symptoms and fertility, but also specifically target the long-term risks of type 2 diabetes, CVD and certain cancers. With insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia now recognised as a key factor in the pathogenesis of PCOS, it has become clear that reducing insulin levels and improving insulin sensitivity are an essential part of management. Diet plays a significant role in the regulation of blood glucose and insulin levels, yet research into the dietary management of PCOS is lacking and most studies have focused on energy restriction rather than dietary composition per se. On the balance of evidence to date, a diet low in saturated fat and high in fibre from predominantly low-glycaemic-index-carbohydrate foods is recommended. Because PCOS carries significant metabolic risks, more research is clearly needed. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Dickinson, Scott %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %T Glycemic index, postprandial glycemia and cardiovascular disease. %B Current opinion in lipidology %D 2005 %V 16 %N 1 %P 69-75 %@ 0957-9672 %X PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Several lines of evidence indicate that exaggerated postprandial glycemia puts individuals without diabetes at greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease. In large, prospective observational studies, including meta-analyses, higher 120 min post-load blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (a measure of average blood glucose level over time) independently predict cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in individuals without diabetes. These findings imply that the glycemic nature of dietary carbohydrates may also be relevant. We aim to provide a clearer perspective on how the glycemic impact of carbohydrates may modulate development of cardiovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS: In ecological studies, average dietary glycemic index (a measure of the postprandial glycemic potential of carbohydrates) and glycemic load (average glycemic index x amount of carbohydrate) predicts coronary infarct and cardiovascular disease risk factors, including HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and C-reactive protein. In short-term intervention studies of overweight and hyperlipidemic patients, low glycemic index diets lead to improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors, including reduced LDL cholesterol and improved insulin sensitivity, as well as greater body fat loss on energy-restricted diets. Molecular studies indicate that physiological hyperglycemia induces overproduction of superoxide by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain, resulting in inflammatory responses and endothelial dysfunction. SUMMARY: Taken together, the findings suggest that conventional high-carbohydrate diets with their high glycemic index may be suboptimal, particularly in insulin-resistant individuals. Because around one in four adults has impairments in postprandial glucose regulation, the glycemic potential of carbohydrates warrants further investigation in cardiovascular disease prevention. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Liu, Vicki %A Petocz, Peter %A Baxter, Robert C %T The glycemic index of foods influences postprandial insulin-like growth factor-binding protein responses in lean young subjects. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2005 %V 82 %N 2 %P 350-4 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: Growth in normal and malignant tissues has been linked to hyperinsulinemia and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). We hypothesized that IGF and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) responses may be acutely affected by differences in the glycemic index (GI) of foods. OBJECTIVE: We compared the postprandial responses of IGFs and IGFBP to 2 foods of similar macronutrient composition but with greatly different GIs-pearled barley (GI: 25) and instant mashed potato (GI: 85). DESIGN: Ten young lean subjects consumed 50-g carbohydrate portions of the 2 foods or water (extended fast) in random order after an overnight fast. Capillary blood was collected at regular intervals over 4 h for measurement of blood glucose, insulin, and components of the IGF system. RESULTS: Serum IGFBP-1 declined markedly after both meals, but the mean (+/-SEM) change at 4 h was significantly (P < 0.01) more prolonged after the low-GI meal (-55 +/- 20 ng/mL) than after the high-GI meal (-13 +/- 15 ng/mL). Conversely, the change in serum IGFBP-3 concentration at 4 h was significantly (P < 0.05) higher after the low-GI meal (251 +/- 102 ng/mL) than after the high-GI meal (-110 +/- 96 ng/mL); the same pattern was observed at 2 h. Changes in IGFBP-2, free IGF-1, and total IGF-1 responses were minimal and did not differ significantly from those during the 4-h fast. CONCLUSION: Acute changes in IGFBP-3 after low-GI and high-GI foods may provide a biologic mechanism linking cell multiplication with greater consumption of high-GI carbohydrates. %Z FOR Codes: 110102 110306 110306 110102 %0 Journal Article %~ Isi %A Brand-Miller, J. %T The glycemic index: where are we now and where are we going? %B Food Australia %D 2005 %C Australia %I Australian Institute of Food Science and Technolog %V 57 %N 5 %P 200-204 %@ 1032-5298 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Cordain, Loren %A Eaton, S Boyd %A Sebastian, Anthony %A Mann, Neil %A Lindeberg, Staffan %A Watkins, Bruce A %A O'Keefe, James H %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2005 %V 81 %N 2 %P 341-54 %@ 0002-9165 %X There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the environment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry approximately 10000 y ago occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human genome to adjust. In conjunction with this discordance between our ancient, genetically determined biology and the nutritional, cultural, and activity patterns of contemporary Western populations, many of the so-called diseases of civilization have emerged. In particular, food staples and food-processing procedures introduced during the Neolithic and Industrial Periods have fundamentally altered 7 crucial nutritional characteristics of ancestral hominin diets: 1) glycemic load, 2) fatty acid composition, 3) macronutrient composition, 4) micronutrient density, 5) acid-base balance, 6) sodium-potassium ratio, and 7) fiber content. The evolutionary collision of our ancient genome with the nutritional qualities of recently introduced foods may underlie many of the chronic diseases of Western civilization. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Isi %A Cordain, L. %A Eaton, S. B. %A Sebastian, A. %A Mann, N. %A Lindeberg, S. %A Watkins, B. A. %A O''Keefe, J. H. %A Brand-Miller, J. %T Origins and evolution of the Western diet: implications of iodine and seafood intakes for the human brain - Reply. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2005 %C United States %I American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc %V 82 %N 2 %P 483-484 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %T Optimizing the cardiovascular outcomes of weight loss. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2005 %V 81 %N 5 %P 949-50 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %T Glycemic index and body weight. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2005 %V 81 %N 3 %P 722-3; author reply 723-4 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Wolever, Thomas M S %T The use of glycaemic index tables to predict glycaemic index of breakfast meals. %B The British Journal of Nutrition %D 2005 %V 94 %N 1 %P 133-4 %@ 0007-1145 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111101 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %T The New Glucose Revolution: Shoppers Guide to GI Values 2005 %B %D 2005 %C Australia %I Hodder Headline %V %N %P %@ 9780733619441 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %A Sandall, P %T Low GI Eating Made Easy %B %D 2005 %C Australia %I Hodder Headline %V %N %P %@ 9780340896006 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %A Macmillan-Price, J %T The Low GI Diet Revolution %B %D 2005 %C United States %I Marlowe and Co. %V %N %P %@ 1569244138 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %A Macmillan-Price, J %T The Low GI Diet Cookbook %B %D 2005 %C United States %I Da Capo Press %V %N %P %@ 9781569243596 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %A Wang, B %A Karim, M %A Staples, A %A Quaggiotto, P %A Sun, Y %A Petocz, P %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T Effects of administration of sialic acid on learning ability and memory of piglets %B Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism %D 2005 %C Switzerland %I S. Karger AG %V 49 %N %P 114 %@ 0250-6807 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Barclay, Alan W %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Wolever, Thomas M S %T Glycemic index, glycemic load, and glycemic response are not the same. %B Diabetes Care %D 2005 %V 28 %N 7 %P 1839-40 %@ 0149-5992 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Sheard, Nancy F %A Clark, Nathaniel G %A Brand-Miller, Janette C %A Franz, Marion J %A Pi-Sunyer, F Xavier %A Mayer-Davis, Elizabeth %A Kulkarni, Karmeen %A Geil, Patti %T Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: a statement by the american diabetes association. %B Diabetes Care %D 2004 %V 27 %N 9 %P 2266-71 %@ 0149-5992 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, J %A Holt, S %T Testing the glycaemic index of foods: in vivo, not in vitro. %B European Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2004 %V 58 %N 4 %P 700-1 %@ 0954-3007 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %T Postprandial glycemia, glycemic index, and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2004 %V 80 %N 2 %P 243-4 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Farid, N %A Marsh, K %T New Glucose Revolution Guide to Living Well with PCOS %B %D 2004 %C United States %I Da Capo Press %V %N %P %@ 9781569244579 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %A McMillan-Price, J %T The Low GI Diet %B %D 2004 %C Australia %I Hodder Headline %V %N %P %@ 9780733618499 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Janette C %T Glycemic load and chronic disease. %B Nutrition reviews %D 2003 %V 61 %N 5 Pt 2 %P S49-55 %@ 0029-6643 %X The glycemic index (GI) has proven to be a useful nutritional concept, providing new insights into the relationship between foods and chronic disease. Observational studies suggest that diets with a high glycemic load (GI x carbohydrate content) are independently associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Postprandial hyperglycemia plays a direct pathogenic role in the disease process. Lower glucose and insulin levels are associated with improved risk profile, including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated proteins, oxidative status, hemostatic variables, and endothelial function. Limited evidence suggests that a low-GI diet may also protect against obesity, colon cancer, and breast cancer. Diets with a high glycemic load may affect health differently in insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive individuals. Improvements in postprandial hyperglycemia can be brought about by manipulating either the type (i.e., GI) or amount of dietary carbohydrate, or both; at present, the GI appears to be more effective. %Z FOR Codes: 111102 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Napoli, J %A Brand-Miller, J %A Conway, P %T Bifidogenic effects of feeding infant formula containing galacto-oligosaccharides in healthy formula-fed infants. %B Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2003 %V 12 %N Suppl %P S60 %@ 0964-7058 %X Background - Human milk oligosaccharides are readily fermented in the infant colon where they selectively stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria lower intestinal pH through the production of acetic and lactic acids which may suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Objective - To investigate the bifidogenic effects of a galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) supplemented infant formula on the composition of the faecal microflora in formula-fed infants. Design - Healthy full-term formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to receive standard infant formula supplemented with 0.7% GOS (n=13) or the same formula supplemented with lactose as a control (n = 13) during a 21 day feeding trial. Twenty four breast-fed infants were also studied as a reference group. Faecal samples were collected on day 1, day 11 and day 21 and analysed for bacterial counts, pH and lactate concentrations. Outcomes - GOS supplementation increased bifidobacteria counts 10-fold (P =0.001) to the range of the reference group of breast-fed infants. The faecal pH after 21 days of feeding was significantly lower in the GOS formula group than in the control group (P =0.004). Fecal lactate concentrations increased 4-fold in the GOS formula group from 1.5 +/-0.5 mmol/L on day 1 to 5.9 +/- 1.4 mmol/L on day 21, but this increase was only marginally significant (P=0.09). Conclusions - This study showed that supplementation of infant formula with GOS stimulates the growth of bifidobacteria in the colon and results in lower fecal pH and increased fecal lactate concentrations. %Z FOR Codes: 111102 111403 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, J C %A Thomas, M %A Swan, V %A Ahmad, Z I %A Petocz, P %A Colagiuri, S %T Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults. %B The Journal of nutrition %D 2003 %V 133 %N 9 %P 2728-32 %@ 0022-3166 %X Dietary glycemic load, the mathematical product of the glycemic index (GI) of a food and its carbohydrate content, has been proposed as an indicator of the glucose response and insulin demand induced by a serving of food. To validate this concept in vivo, we tested the hypotheses that 1). portions of different foods with the same glycemic load produce similar glycemic responses; and 2). stepwise increases in glycemic load for a range of foods produce proportional increases in glycemia and insulinemia. In the first study, 10 healthy subjects consumed 10 different foods in random order in amounts calculated to have the same glycemic load as one slice of white bread. Capillary blood samples were taken at regular intervals over the next 2 h. The glycemic response as determined by area under the curve was not different from that of white bread for nine foods. However, lentils produced lower than predicted responses (P < 0.05). In the second study, another group of subjects was tested to determine the effects of increasing glycemic load using a balanced 5 x 5 Greco-Latin square design balanced for four variables: subject, dose, food and order. Two sets of five foods were consumed at five different glycemic loads (doses) equivalent to one, two, three, four and six slices of bread. Stepwise increases in glycemic load produced significant and predictable increases in both glycemia (P < 0.001) and insulinemia (P < 0.001). These findings support the concept of dietary glycemic load as a measure of overall glycemic response and insulin demand. %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Wolever, T M S %A Foster-Powell, K %A Colagiuri, Stephen %T The New Glucose Revolution - The Authoritative Guide To The Glycemic Index %B %D 2003 %C United States %I Marlowe and Co. %V %N %P %@ 1569245061 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %A Mendosa, R %T What Makes My Blood Glucose Go Up...And Down? %B %D 2003 %C United States %I Marlowe and Co. %V %N %P %@ 978156924574 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Holt, Susanna H A %A de Jong, Vanessa %A Petocz, Peter %T Cocoa powder increases postprandial insulinemia in lean young adults. %B The Journal of nutrition %D 2003 %V 133 %N 10 %P 3149-52 %@ 0022-3166 %X We hypothesized that chocolate products elicit higher insulin responses than matched products with alternate flavoring. To test this, we used a within-subject, repeated-measures comparison of six pairs of foods, one flavored with chocolate (cocoa powder) and the other not. Healthy subjects (n = 10, 4 men, 6 women) tested each pair of foods. Postprandial glucose and insulin levels were determined at intervals over 2 h using standardized glycemic index (GI) methodology. The product categories were chocolate bars, cakes, breakfast cereals, ice creams, flavored milks and puddings. Although the GI did not differ within each pair, the insulin index (II) of the chocolate product was always higher, by a mean of 28%, than the alternate flavored product (P < 0.001). The greatest difference occurred within the flavored milk category in which the chocolate version elicited 45% greater insulinemia than the strawberry flavored milk (P = 0.021). Macronutrient composition (fat, protein, sugar, fiber or energy density) accounted for nearly all of the variation in GI among the foods, but did not explain differences in insulinemia. The presence of cocoa powder in foods leads to greater postprandial insulin secretion than alternate flavorings. Specific insulinogenic amino acids or greater cephalic phase insulin release may explain the findings. %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Petocz, Peter %A Colagiuri, Stephen %T Meta-analysis of low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: response to Franz. %B Diabetes Care %D 2003 %V 26 %N 12 %P 3363-4; author reply 3364-5 %@ 0149-5992 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book Section %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Holt, S H A %T The role of carbohydrate in the management of diabetes %B Nutritional Management of Diabetes Mellitus %D 2003 %C United States %I John Wiley & Sons %V %N %P 169-187 %@ 9780471497516 %E Frost, Gary %E Dornhorst, Anne %E Moses, Robert %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %A Dickinson, S %A Brand-Miller, Janette %T Response to John M. Poothullil %B The Journal of Nutrition %D 2003 %C United States %I American Society for Nutrition %V 133 %N %P 534 %@ 0022-3166 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Book %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Foster-Powell, K %A Holt, S %T The New Glucose Revolution - Complete Guide to GI Values %B %D 2003 %C Australia %I Hodder Headline %V %N %P %@ 0733616674 %X %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Wolever, T M S %A Vorster, H H %A Bj?rck, I %A Brand-Miller, J %A Brighenti, F %A Mann, J I %A Ramdath, D D %A Granfeldt, Y %A Holt, S %A Perry, T L %A Venter, C %A Xiaomei Wu, Z %T Determination of the glycaemic index of foods: interlaboratory study. %B European Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2003 %V 57 %N 3 %P 475-82 %@ 0954-3007 %X OBJECTIVE: Practical use of the glycaemic index (GI), as recommended by the FAO/WHO, requires an evaluation of the recommended method. Our purpose was to determine the magnitude and sources of variation of the GI values obtained by experienced investigators in different international centres. DESIGN: GI values of four centrally provided foods (instant potato, rice, spaghetti and barley) and locally obtained white bread were determined in 8-12 subjects in each of seven centres using the method recommended by FAO/WHO. Data analysis was performed centrally. SETTING: University departments of nutrition. SUBJECTS: Healthy subjects (28 male, 40 female) were studied. RESULTS: The GI values of the five foods did not vary significantly in different centres nor was there a significant centrexfood interaction. Within-subject variation from two centres using venous blood was twice that from five centres using capillary blood. The s.d. of centre mean GI values was reduced from 10.6 (range 6.8-12.8) to 9.0 (range 4.8-12.6) by excluding venous blood data. GI values were not significantly related to differences in method of glucose measurement or subject characteristics (age, sex, BMI, ethnicity or absolute glycaemic response). GI values for locally obtained bread were no more variable than those for centrally provided foods. CONCLUSIONS: The GI values of foods are more precisely determined using capillary than venous blood sampling, with mean between-laboratory s.d. of approximately 9.0. Finding ways to reduce within-subject variation of glycaemic responses may be the most effective strategy to improve the precision of measurement of GI values. %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A MacIntosh, Caroline G %A Holt, Susanna H A %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %T The degree of fat saturation does not alter glycemic, insulinemic or satiety responses to a starchy staple in healthy men. %B The Journal of nutrition %D 2003 %V 133 %N 8 %P 2577-80 %@ 0022-3166 %X Inclusion of fat reduces the glycemic response to a carbohydate meal, although the effect of different types of fat on glycemic, insulinemic and satiety responses is unclear. Ten healthy men received 50-g carbohydrate portions of mashed potato with isoenergetic amounts of butter (saturated fatty acid), Sunola oil (monounsaturated fatty acid) or sunflower oil (PUFA) and two 50-g glucose loads on separate days. Capillary blood was collected at regular intervals for 2 h. Satiety ratings were assessed by use of a rating scale. The glycemic index (GI), insulin index (II) and satiety index (SI) scores were calculated. Energy intakes from a meal consumed ad libitum at 2 h and for the remainder of the day were quantified. The GI values ranged from 68 +/- 8 to 74 +/- 10 and the II values ranged from 113 +/- 10 to 122 +/- 17, but there was no effect of fat type. SI scores and subsequent energy intake did not differ among the test meals. Substitution of unsaturated fats for saturated fatty acids had no acute benefits on postprandial glycemia, insulin demand or short-term satiety in young men. %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Gilbertson, Heather R %A Thorburn, Anne W %A Brand-Miller, Jennie C %A Chondros, Patty %A Werther, George A %T Effect of low-glycemic-index dietary advice on dietary quality and food choice in children with type 1 diabetes. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2003 %V 77 %N 1 %P 83-90 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: The practicality of diets with a low glycemic index (GI) is controversial. Theoretically, low-GI diets may limit food choice and increase dietary fat intake, but there is little objective evidence to support such a theory. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the effect of low-GI dietary advice on dietary quality and food choice in children with diabetes. DESIGN: Children aged 8-13 y with type 1 diabetes (n = 104) were recruited to a prospective, randomized study comparing the effects of traditional carbohydrate-exchange dietary advice (CHOx) with those of more flexible low-GI dietary advice (LowGI). We determined the effect on long-term macronutrient intake and food choice with the use of 3-d food diaries. RESULTS: There were no differences in reported macronutrient intakes during any of the recording periods. After 12 mo, intakes of dietary fat (33.5 +/- 5.6% and 34.2 +/- 6.7% of energy, P = 0.65), carbohydrate (48.8 +/- 5.4% and 48.6 +/- 6.5% of energy, P = 0.86), protein (17.6 +/- 2.5% and 17.3 +/- 3.7% of energy, P = 0.61), total sugars, and fiber did not differ significantly between the CHOx and LowGI groups, respectively. The average number of different carbohydrate food choices per day also did not differ significantly. Subjects in the lowest-GI quartile consumed less carbohydrate as potato and white bread, but more carbohydrate as dairy-based foods and whole-grain breads than did subjects in the highest-GI quartile. CONCLUSION: Children with diabetes who receive low-GI dietary advice do not report more limited food choices or a diet with worse macronutrient composition than do children who consume a traditional carbohydrate-exchange diet. %Z FOR Codes: 110306 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Wang, Bing %A McVeagh, Patricia %A Petocz, Peter %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %T Brain ganglioside and glycoprotein sialic acid in breastfed compared with formula-fed infants. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2003 %V 78 %N 5 %P 1024-9 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: The concentration of sialic acid in brain gangliosides and glycoproteins has been linked to learning ability in animal studies. Human milk is a rich source of sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides and is a potential source of exogenous sialic acid. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the sialic acid concentration in the brain frontal cortex of breastfed and formula-fed infants. DESIGN: Twenty-five samples of frontal cortex derived from infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome were analyzed. Twelve infants were breastfed, 10 infants were formula-fed, and 1 infant was mixed-fed; the feeding status of the remaining 2 infants was unknown. Ganglioside-bound and protein-bound sialic acid were determined by HPLC. Ganglioside ceramide fatty acids were also analyzed to determine the relation between sialic acid and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. RESULTS: After adjustment for sex with age at death as a covariate, ganglioside-bound and protein-bound sialic acid concentrations were 32% and 22% higher, respectively, in the frontal cortex gray matter of breastfed infants than in that of formula-fed infants (P < 0.01). Protein-bound sialic acid increased with age in both groups (P = 0.02). In breastfed but not in formula-fed infants, ganglioside-bound sialic acid correlated significantly with ganglioside ceramide docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS: Higher brain ganglioside and glycoprotein sialic acid concentrations in infants fed human milk suggests increased synaptogenesis and differences in neurodevelopment. %Z FOR Codes: 111716 111403 111101 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Brand-Miller, Jennie %A Hayne, Susan %A Petocz, Peter %A Colagiuri, Stephen %T Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. %B Diabetes Care %D 2003 %V 26 %N 8 %P 2261-7 %@ 0149-5992 %X OBJECTIVE: The use of diets with low glycemic index (GI) in the management of diabetes is controversial, with contrasting recommendations around the world. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to determine whether low-GI diets, compared with conventional or high-GI diets, improved overall glycemic control in individuals with diabetes, as assessed by reduced HbA(1c) or fructosamine levels. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Literature searches identified 14 studies, comprising 356 subjects, that met strict inclusion criteria. All were randomized crossover or parallel experimental design of 12 days' to 12 months' duration (mean 10 weeks) with modification of at least two meals per day. Only 10 studies documented differences in postprandial glycemia on the two types of diet. RESULTS: Low-GI diets reduced HbA(1c) by 0.43% points (CI 0.72-0.13) over and above that produced by high-GI diets. Taking both HbA(1c) and fructosamine data together and adjusting for baseline differences, glycated proteins were reduced 7.4% (8.8-6.0) more on the low-GI diet than on the high-GI diet. This result was stable and changed little if the data were unadjusted for baseline levels or excluded studies of short duration. Systematically taking out each study from the meta-analysis did not change the CIs. CONCLUSIONS: Choosing low-GI foods in place of conventional or high-GI foods has a small but clinically useful effect on medium-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The incremental benefit is similar to that offered by pharmacological agents that also target postprandial hyperglycemia. %0 Journal Article %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Holt, Susanna H A %A Petocz, Peter %T Glycemic Load values - Reply to Mendosa %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2003 %C United States %I American Society for Nutrition %V 77 %N %P 994-995 %@ 0002-9165 %X %Z FOR Codes: 111199 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Sumiyoshi, Wataru %A Urashima, Tadasu %A Nakamura, Tadashi %A Arai, Ikichi %A Saito, Tadao %A Tsumura, Norihiko %A Wang, Bing %A Brand-Miller, Janette %A Watanabe, Yoko %A Kimura, Kazumasa %T Determination of each neutral oligosaccharide in the milk of Japanese women during the course of lactation. %B The British Journal of Nutrition %D 2003 %V 89 %N 1 %P 61-9 %@ 0007-1145 %X Using reverse-phase HPLC after pyridylamination, we quantified the concentrations of major neutral oligosaccharides in the milk of sixteen Japanese women collected at 4, 10, 30 and 100 d postpartum. In colostrum and mature milk (30 d lactation), lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I was the most abundant oligosaccharide, followed by 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) + lacto-N-difucotetraose (LNDFT), LNFP II + lacto-N-difucohexaose II (LNDFH II), and 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL). Together these accounted for 73 % of the total weight of neutral oligosaccharides in colostrum and mature milk. Changes in concentration occurred during the course of lactation. LNFP I and 2'-FL + LNDFT increased from 4 to 10 d postpartum, and then declined by 100 d. LNFP II + LNDFH II steadily increased during the first 30 d and then declined. In contrast, 3-FL increased steadily throughout the entire 100 d of study. Large differences were observed between our data and previously published data in Italian women, in terms of both the concentration and temporal changes of each oligosaccharide. These differences may be caused by different assay methodology, although racial differences cannot be ruled out. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 111716 110102 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Wang, B %A Brand-Miller, J %T The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition. %B European Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2003 %V 57 %N 11 %P 1351-69 %@ 0954-3007 %X Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon acidic monosaccharides that occur naturally at the end of sugar chains attached to the surfaces of cells and soluble proteins. In the human body, the highest concentration of sialic acid (as N-acetylneuraminic acid) occurs in the brain where it participates as an integral part of ganglioside structure in synaptogenesis and neural transmission. Human milk also contains a high concentration of sialic acid attached to the terminal end of free oligosaccharides, but its metabolic fate and biological role are currently unknown. An important question is whether the sialic acid in human milk is a conditional nutrient and confers developmental advantages on breast-fed infants compared to those fed infant formula. In this review, we critically discuss the current state of knowledge of the biology and role of sialic acid in human milk and nervous tissue, and the link between sialic acid, breastfeeding and learning behaviour. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 111716 110102 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Dickinson, S %A Colagiuri, S %A Faramus, E %A Petocz, P %A Brand-Miller, J C %T Postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity differ among lean young adults of different ethnicities. %B The Journal of nutrition %D 2002 %V 132 %N 9 %P 2574-9 %@ 0022-3166 %X Both postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (IR) have implications for the development of cardiovascular disease. The present study was designed to examine differences in postprandial glycemia and insulin sensitivity among young adults of different ethnic origins. Lean, healthy subjects (n = 60) from five ethnic groups [20 European Caucasians, 10 Chinese, 10 South East (SE) Asians, 10 Asian Indians and 10 Arabic Caucasians] were matched for age, body mass index, waist circumference, birth weight and current diet. A 75-g white bread carbohydrate challenge was fed to assess postprandial glycemia and insulinemia. Insulin sensitivity was assessed in three groups by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and in all subjects by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) modeling. Postprandial hyperglycemia (incremental area under the curve) and insulin sensitivity (M-value) both showed a twofold variation among the groups (P < 0.001) and were significantly related to each other (R(2) = 56%, P < 0.001). Young SE Asians had the highest postprandial glycemia and lowest insulin sensitivity, whereas European and Arabic Caucasian subjects were the most insulin sensitive and carbohydrate tolerant. These findings suggest that IR is evident even in lean, young adults of some ethnic groups and is associated with significant increases in postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in response to a realistic carbohydrate load. %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Foster-Powell, Kaye %A Holt, Susanna H A %A Brand-Miller, Janette C %T International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2002 %V 76 %N 1 %P 5-56 %@ 0002-9165 %X Reliable tables of glycemic index (GI) compiled from the scientific literature are instrumental in improving the quality of research examining the relation between GI, glycemic load, and health. The GI has proven to be a more useful nutritional concept than is the chemical classification of carbohydrate (as simple or complex, as sugars or starches, or as available or unavailable), permitting new insights into the relation between the physiologic effects of carbohydrate-rich foods and health. Several prospective observational studies have shown that the chronic consumption of a diet with a high glycemic load (GI x dietary carbohydrate content) is independently associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. This revised table contains almost 3 times the number of foods listed in the original table (first published in this Journal in 1995) and contains nearly 1300 data entries derived from published and unpublished verified sources, representing > 750 different types of foods tested with the use of standard methods. The revised table also lists the glycemic load associated with the consumption of specified serving sizes of different foods. %Z FOR Codes: 111103 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Wang, B %A Brand-Miller, J %A McVeagh, P %A Petocz, P %T Concentration and distribution of sialic acid in human milk and infant formulas. %B American Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2001 %V 74 %N 4 %P 510-5 %@ 0002-9165 %X BACKGROUND: In animal studies, sialic acid supplementation is associated with increases of gangliosides in the brain and improved learning ability. Only limited data are available on the sialic acid content of human milk and infant formulas. OBJECTIVE: We compared the concentrations of oligosaccharide-bound, protein-bound, and free sialic acid in milk from mothers of full-term and preterm infants and in a range of infant formulas. DESIGN: The milk from 20 and 14 mothers of full-term and preterm infants (mean gestational age: 31 +/- 3 wk), respectively, was collected at 4 stages of lactation (colostrum, transition, 1 mo, and 3 mo) and compared with 21 different infant formulas. RESULTS: Total sialic acid concentrations were highest in colostrum (x +/- SEM: 5.04 +/- 0.21 mmol/L in full term) and decreased by nearly 80% over the next 3 mo. Human milk from mothers of preterm infants contained 13-23% more sialic acid than did milk from mothers of full-term infants at 3 of the 4 lactation stages (P < 0.02). The sialic acid content of most formulas was <25% of that found in mature human milk (P < 0.01). Most of the sialic acid in the formulas ( approximately 70%) was bound to glycoproteins, whereas in human milk most sialic acid was bound to free oligosaccharides. CONCLUSIONS: Human milk, including milk from mothers of preterm infants, is a rich source of oligosaccharide-bound sialic acid, which contrasts with the relatively small amounts found in infant formulas. The nutritional significance of sialic acid is presently unknown, but it is plausible that it is a conditional nutrient that contributes to sialic acid accretion in the brain. %Z FOR Codes: 111101 111716 110102 %0 Journal Article %~ Pubmed %A Chan, H M %A Brand-Miller, J C %A Holt, S H %A Wilson, D %A Rozman, M %A Petocz, P %T The glycaemic index values of Vietnamese foods. %B European Journal of Clinical Nutrition %D 2001 %V 55 %N 12 %P 1076-83 %@ 0954-3007 %X OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the glycaemic index (GI) values of a range of Vietnamese foods in two racial groups. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Twelve healthy subjects (six Asian and six Caucasian) consumed 50 g carbohydrate portions of a reference food (glucose sugar) and nine Vietnamese foods (three rices, three noodle products and three sweet foods) in random order after an overnight fast. The reference food was tested on two separate occasions, and the Vietnamese foods were each tested once. Capillary blood samples were taken at time 0 (fasting), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min from the start of each meal. Samples were analysed for plasma glucose and the incremental areas under the plasma glucose curves (AUC) were used to calculate the GI values of the test foods, using glucose as the reference food (ie GI value of glucose=100). The mean GI value of each food was calculated for the entire group of subjects (n=12) and for both racial groups (n=6). RESULTS: The three rices had surprisingly high GI values (86-109), whereas the noodle products had relatively low GI values (39-61). The sugar-rich foods produced intermediate GI values (54-79). The GI values for the nine foods calculated separately for the two racial groups were not significantly different from each other (P=0.26). CONCLUSIONS: The GI values derived from Caucasian subjects are likely to be applicable to Asian populations. Varieties of imported rice from Thailand were found to have high GI values. Alternative low-GI staples, such as rice noodles, may be preferable for Asian/Vietnamese people with diabetes. SPONSORSHIP: This study was funded by the University of Sydney. %Z FOR Codes: 111799