%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Hodson, Elisabeth
%A Walker, Rowan G
%A Tjaden, Lidwien
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Adolescent views on transition in diabetes and nephrology.
%B European Journal of Pediatrics
%D 2013
%C Germany
%I Springer
%V 172
%N 3
%P 293-304
%@ 1432-1076
%X Managing the transition of adolescents from paediatric to adult care is complex and remains an important challenge. This aim of this study was to synthesize studies on perspective on transition to adult care among young people with diabetes or chronic kidney disease. We conducted a systematic review of surveys and qualitative studies that explored adolescent perspectives on transition to adult care in diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Searches were conducted to week??4, June 2010. For quantitative questionnaires, all items were mapped into a domain schema. Thematic synthesis of the qualitative findings was performed. Fourteen studies involving 854 respondents were included. The majority of participants felt somewhat prepared but had reservations about transfer. Five major themes were identified: (1) preparedness (timing of transfer, access to providers, parental involvement), (2) overwhelmed by an impersonal environment in adult service (sterile and unwelcoming, navigating new processes, feeling displaced), (3) independence (developing self-esteem and an adult identity, taking responsibility and ownership), (4) valuing familiarity (building trust, peer support) and (5) service and information needs (leniency, lack of access, efficiency, information needs). Conclusion Holistic and adolescent focussed transition programs are needed which address adolescent needs by providing adequate access to health services, encouraging independence and ownership of health management, promoting trust in providers, giving comprehensive information about what to expect and how to navigate adult services and facilitating interaction with younger patients.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Hodson, Elisabeth
%A Irving, Michelle
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T An economic evaluation of intravenous versus oral iron supplementation in people on haemodialysis.
%B Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
%D 2013
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 28
%N 2
%P 413-420
%@ 1460-2385
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Corticosteroid Therapy for Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome in Children: Dose or Duration?
%B Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
%D 2013
%C United States
%I Ovid
%V 24
%N 1
%P 7-9
%@ 1533-3450
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Jepson, Ruth G
%A Williams, Gabrielle
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2013
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 10
%N 
%P CD001321
%@ 1469-493X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111102 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Henderson, Lorna K
%A Masson, Philip
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Roberts, Matthew A
%A Flanc, Robert S
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%A Webster, Angela C
%T Induction and Maintenance Treatment of Proliferative Lupus Nephritis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2013
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 61
%N 1
%P 74-87
%@ 1523-6838
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 110309 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Irving, Michelle
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Cass, Alan
%A Howard, Kirsten
%T Rationing scarce organs for transplantation: healthcare provider perspectives on wait-listing and organ allocation.
%B Clinical Transplantation
%D 2013
%C United States
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 27
%N 1
%P 60-71
%@ 1399-0012
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, Elisabeth
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T The contribution of systematic reviews to the practice of pediatric nephrology.
%B Pediatric Nephrology
%D 2013
%C Germany
%I Springer
%V 28
%N 2
%P 197-206
%@ 1432-198X
%X The key to accurate decision-making is to use the best available evidence. Systematic reviews aim to identify and combine evidence using systematic methods to minimize bias to provide reliable data for patient care. While systematic reviews can address different clinical questions, the methodology is most developed for systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials. Such systematic reviews include all available trial evidence, enhance the precision of the estimates of treatment effects, and identify where evidence is lacking or where sufficient evidence is already available. However the term "systematic review" does not guarantee that a review covers all the available data, that the validity of included studies has been appropriately assessed, or that data have been combined appropriately in meta-analyses. Biases in systematic review include those related to identifying data (publication bias, language bias, selective reporting of outcomes) and those due to the design and conduct of trials (selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias). Thus, readers should read a systematic review carefully before accepting its results and conclusions. This review examines the information that can be provided by systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials together with the biases that can potentially jeopardize the results and conclusions.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403 110312 111711


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Morton, John
%A Armstrong, Sarah
%A Schollum, John
%A Cross, Nick
%T "It was just an unconditional gift." Self reflections of non-directed living kidney donors.
%B Clinical Transplantation
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 26
%N 4
%P 589-599
%@ 1399-0012
%X Tong A, Craig JC, Wong G, Morton J, Armstrong S, Schollum J, Cross N. "It was just an unconditional gift." Self reflections of non-directed living kidney donors. Clin Transplant 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01578.x. ?? 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract:??? Non-directed living kidney donation is an important emerging type of donation, but there are concerns about ulterior motives and irrational decision-making. This study aimed to elicit the motivations and experiences of non-directed living kidney donors. Qualitative interviews were conducted with all 18 people who donated a kidney in the transplant unit of the South Island, New Zealand. Six major themes were identified: offering the chance of life (opportunity for normalcy in the recipient, good samaritanism), determination (resolute personal decision, rooted in stability, urgency, opportuneness), minimizing perceived risks (live with one kidney, trust in the medical system, physical and genetic resilience, taking chances, mental preparation, mild inconvenience), preserving anonymity (protecting donor anonymity, respecting recipient choice, receiving appreciation, knowing recipient outcomes, developing relationships), donor support (psychologic preparation, efficient coordination, reimbursement of expenses), and gaining benefits (improved fitness, empowerment and satisfaction, connectedness). Non-directed living kidney donors want to offer someone a chance of normal life; a decision driven by resoluteness and a sense of urgency. Kidney donation is perceived to offer improved fitness, and a sense of empowerment, satisfaction, and connectedness. Reluctance to consider non-directed donation programs solely on concerns of unrealistic or ill-motivations and potential feelings of donor regret appear unwarranted.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Morrow, A M
%A Hayen, A
%A Quine, S
%A Scheinberg, A
%A Craig, J C
%T A comparison of doctors', parents' and children's reports of health states and health-related quality of life in children with chronic conditions.
%B Child
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 38
%N 2
%P 186-195
%@ 1365-2214
%X Background??? Health-related quality of life is an important outcome. Self-report is the gold standard, but in the paediatric setting we often rely on proxy reporting. Our understanding of the differences between self- and proxy reports and the factors that influence them is limited. These differences can impact on treatment choices and the patient-doctor relationship. Objective??? To evaluate differences between children''s, parents'' and doctors'' perceptions of health states and health-related quality of life in children with chronic illness and explore factors which explain these differences. Methods??? Consecutive families attending eligible clinics at a tertiary paediatric centre were invited to complete the Health Utilities Index (HUI) 23 questionnaire. Percentage agreement and kappas were calculated as a measure of the agreement between pairs. Chi-squared tests or Fisher''s exact test, if appropriate, were performed to determine if there was an association between level of agreement and participant variables. Results??? Data were collected for 130 parent-doctor pairs, 59 child-parent pairs and 59 child-doctor pairs. Overall health-related quality of life scores did not differ between responders, but there was poorer agreement for subjective domains. Doctor-child agreement was lower than parent-child agreement. Children with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy or chronic neurological condition were more likely to have lower inter-rater agreement for both subjective and objective domains. On the HUI2, agreement was lower for parent-child pairs when the father was the respondent. For child-doctor pairs, an increased frequency of patient-doctor visits and doctors'' seniority were predictors of poorer agreement on the HUI3 and HUI2 respectively. Conclusions??? We identified factors associated with level of agreement for self- and proxy reporting on the HUI23. Parent-child agreement was higher than doctor-child agreement. Patients with significant pain or emotional distress and patients with a diagnosis of severe cerebral palsy or chronic neurological conditions were more susceptible to under-reporting of subjective aspects of well-being by doctors and parents and may benefit from formal assessment of health-related quality of life in the clinical setting.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Deshpande, Aniruddh V
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Caldwell, Patrina H Y
%A Smith, Grahame H H
%T Ambulatory urodynamic studies (UDS) in children using a Bluetooth-enabled device.
%B BJU International
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 110
%N Suppl 4
%P 38-45
%@ 1464-410X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Lv, Jicheng
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Foote, Celine V
%A Craig, Maria E
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Strippoli, Giovanni Fm
%T Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 12
%N 
%P CD004136
%@ 1469-493X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Tonelli, Marcello
%A Pellegrini, Fabio
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Benefits and harms of statin therapy for persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
%B Annals of Internal Medicine
%D 2012
%C United States
%I American College of Physicians
%V 157
%N 4
%P 263-275
%@ 0003-4819
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tjaden, Lidwien
%A Tong, Allison
%A Henning, Paul
%A Groothoff, Jaap
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Children's experiences of dialysis: a systematic review of qualitative studies.
%B Archives of Disease in Childhood
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 97
%N 5
%P 395-402
%@ 1468-2044
%X To describe the experiences and perspectives of children and adolescents on dialysis.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799 110312 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Jones, Julie
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Singh-Grewal, Davinder
%T Children's experiences of living with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Thematic synthesis of qualitative studies.
%B Arthritis Care & Research
%D 2012
%C United States
%I John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
%V 64
%N 9
%P 1392-1404
%@ 2151-4658
%X OBJECTIVE: To describe the experiences and perspectives of children and adolescents living with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies that explored the experiences of children living with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. We searched electronic databases (to July Week 2, 2011) and reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies which reported the experiences of more than 542 participants were included. Six major themes were identified: aversion to being different (unrelenting and unpredictable pain, disablement, internal disfigurement, differential treatment, forced dependency on others); striving for normality (preserving social identity, resourcefulness, sense of community, focus on remission, mastery over body and pain); stigma and misunderstanding (trivialisation of disease, invisible suffering, discrimination); suspension in uncertainty (control versus powerlessness, hope versus disappointment); managing treatment (benefits of taking medicines, respect and involvement in healthcare, motivation for physical therapy); and desire for knowledge (medical treatment and advances, lifestyle management). CONCLUSION: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis disrupts the children''s sense of normality and impairs their capacity for social participation. They have a sense of being misunderstood and stigmatised, and feel perpetually caught between having hope and control over their bodies, and overwhelming pain and despair. To increase their confidence, ability to manage their pain, and resourcefulness for self-management, children need ongoing information about treatments and lifestyle management, strong social support, community advocacy, and active involvement in their own health decision making. ?? 2012 by the American College of Rheumatology.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799 111403 110322


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Batabyal, Pikli
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Tong, Allison
%T Clinical Practice Guidelines on Wait-Listing for Kidney Transplantation: Consistent and Equitable?
%B Transplantation
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 94
%N 7
%P 703-713
%@ 0041-1337
%X BACKGROUND: Apparent variability in wait-listing criteria globally has raised concern about inequitable access to kidney transplantation. This study aimed to compare the quality, the scope, and the consistency of international guidelines on wait-listing for kidney transplantation. METHODS: Electronic databases and guideline registries were searched to December 2011. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument and textual synthesis was used to assess and compare recommendations. RESULTS: Fifteen guidelines published from 2001 to 2011 were included. Methodological rigor and scope were variable. We identified 4 major criteria across guidelines: recipient age and life expectancy, medical criteria, social and lifestyle circumstances, and psychosocial considerations. Whereas some recommendations were consistent, there were differences in age cutoffs, estimated life expectancy (2-5 years), and glomerular filtration rate at listing (15-20 mL/min/1.73 m). Cardiovascular contraindications were broadly defined. Recommended cancer-free periods also varied substantially, and whereas uncontrolled infections were universally contraindicated, human immunodeficiency virus thresholds and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy were inconsistent. Most guidelines recommended psychological screening but were not augmented with specific clinical assessment tools. CONCLUSIONS: Wait-listing recommendations in current guidelines are based on life expectancy, comorbidities, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors. Some recommendations are different across guidelines or broadly defined. There is a case for developing comprehensive, methodologically robust, and regularly updated guidelines on wait-listing for kidney transplantation.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Palmer, Suetonia
%A Manns, Braden
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Ruospo, Marinella
%A Gargano, Letizia
%A Johnson, David W
%A Hegbrant, Jörgen
%A Olsson, MÃ¥ns
%A Fishbane, Steven
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Clinician beliefs and attitudes about home haemodialysis: a multinational interview study.
%B BMJ Open
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 2
%N 6
%P pii: e002146
%@ 2044-6055
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111799 110312 111709


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Irving, Michelle J
%A Tong, Allison
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Cass, Alan
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Allen, Richard D
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%T Community attitudes to deceased organ donation: a focus group study.
%B Transplantation
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 93
%N 10
%P 1064-1069
%@ 0041-1337
%X Despite broad community support for organ donation, there is a chronic shortage of donor organs for transplantation. This study elicited community attitudes on deceased organ donation and the current Australian organ donation system.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Cross, Nicholas
%A Tong, Allison
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Comparative survival and economic benefits of deceased donor kidney transplantation and dialysis in people with varying ages and co-morbidities.
%B PLoS One
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Public Library of Science
%V 7
%N 1
%P e29591
%@ 1932-6203
%X Deceased donor kidneys for transplantation are in most countries allocated preferentially to recipients who have limited co-morbidities. Little is known about the incremental health and economic gain from transplanting those with co-morbidities compared to remaining on dialysis. The aim of our study is to estimate the average and incremental survival benefits and health care costs of listing and transplantation compared to dialysis among individuals with varying co-morbidities.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111706 140208


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Lopez-Vargas, Pamela
%A Howell, Martin
%A Phoon, Richard
%A Johnson, David
%A Campbell, Denise
%A Walker, Rowan G
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Consumer involvement in topic and outcome selection in the development of clinical practice guidelines.
%B Health Expectations
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 15
%N 4
%P 410-423
%@ 1369-7625
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Naresh, Chetana N
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Chadban, Steven J
%T Day-to-Day Variability in Spot Urine Protein-Creatinine Ratio Measurements.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2012
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 60
%N 4
%P 561-566
%@ 0272-6386
%X BACKGROUND: Accurate measurement of proteinuria is important in the diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The reference standard test, 24-hour urinary protein excretion, is inconvenient and vulnerable to collection errors. Spot urine protein-creatinine ratio (PCR) is a convenient alternative and is in widespread use. However, day-to-day variability in PCR measurements has not been evaluated. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of day-to-day variability in spot urine PCR measurement. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Clinically stable outpatients with CKD (n = 145) attending a university hospital CKD clinic in Australia between July 2007 and April 2010. INDEX TEST: Spot urine PCR. OUTCOMES: Spot PCR variability was assessed and repeatability limits were determined using fractional polynomials. MEASUREMENTS: Spot PCRs were measured from urine samples collected at 9:00 am on consecutive days and 24-hour urinary protein excretion was collected concurrently. RESULTS: Paired results were analyzed from 145 patients: median age, 56 years; 59% men; and median 24-hour urinary protein excretion, 0.7 (range, 0.06-35.7) g/d. Day-to-day variability was substantial and increased in absolute terms, but decreased in relative terms with increasing baseline PCR. For patients with a low baseline PCR (20 mg/mmol [177 mg/g]), a change greater than ??160% (repeatability limits, 0-52 mg/mmol [0-460 mg/g]) is required to indicate a real change in proteinuria status with 95% certainty, whereas for those with a high baseline PCR (200 mg/mmol [1,768 mg/g]), a change of ??50% (decrease to <100 mg/mmol [<884 mg/g] or increase to >300 mg/mmol [>2,652 mg/g]) represents significant change. LIMITATIONS: These study results need to be replicated in other ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in PCR observed in patients with CKD, ranging from complete resolution to doubling of PCR values, could be due to inherent biological variation and may not indicate a change in disease status. This should be borne in mind when using PCR in the diagnosis and management of CKD.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Haines, Mary
%A Brown, Bernadette
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A D'Este, Catherine
%A Elliott, Elizabeth
%A Klineberg, Emily
%A McInnes, Elizabeth
%A Middleton, Sandy
%A Paul, Christine
%A Redman, Sally
%A Yano, Elizabeth M
%A , Clinical Networks Research Group
%T Determinants of successful clinical networks: the conceptual framework and study protocol.
%B Implementation Science
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 7
%N 
%P 16
%@ 1748-5908
%X Clinical networks are increasingly being viewed as an important strategy for increasing evidence-based practice and improving models of care, but success is variable and characteristics of networks with high impact are uncertain. This study takes advantage of the variability in the functioning and outcomes of networks supported by the Australian New South Wales (NSW) Agency for Clinical Innovation''s non-mandatory model of clinical networks to investigate the factors that contribute to the success of clinical networks.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Gabrielle J
%A Hodson, Elisabeth H
%A Isaacs, David
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in children.
%B Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom, Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 48
%N 4
%P 296-301
%@ 1034-4810
%X A young child presents to their primary health provider with fever and irritability. How likely is a urinary tract infection? How should a urine sample be collected? How accurate are urinary dipsticks and microscopy compared with culture for the diagnosis? What route and type of antibiotics should be used? What imaging is indicated? Diagnosing and treating children with urinary tract infection presents many questions. This review summarises the most relevant recent primary studies, systematic reviews and guidelines.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Johnson, David W
%A Wong, Muh Geot
%A Cooper, Bruce A
%A Branley, Pauline
%A Bulfone, Liliana
%A Collins, John F
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Fraenkel, Margaret B
%A Harris, Anthony
%A Kesselhut, Joan
%A Li, Jing Jing
%A Luxton, Grant
%A Pilmore, Andrew
%A Tiller, David J
%A Harris, David C
%A Pollock, Carol A
%T Effect of timing of dialysis commencement on clinical outcomes of patients with planned initiation of peritoneal dialysis in the ideal trial.
%B Peritoneal Dialysis International
%D 2012
%C Canada
%I Multimed, Inc.
%V 32
%N 6
%P 595-604
%@ 1718-4304
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A Di Micco, Lucia
%A Razavian, Mona
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Pellegrini, Fabio
%A Copetti, Massimiliano
%A Graziano, Giusi
%A Tognoni, Gianni
%A Jardine, Meg
%A Webster, Angela
%A Nicolucci, Antonio
%A Zoungas, Sophia
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Effects of antiplatelet therapy on mortality and cardiovascular and bleeding outcomes in persons with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
%B Annals of Internal Medicine
%D 2012
%C United States
%I American College of Physicians
%V 156
%N 6
%P 445-459
%@ 0003-4819
%X Antiplatelet agents are used to prevent cardiovascular events; however, treatment effects may differ in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD) because atherosclerotic disease is less prevalent, whereas bleeding hazards may be increased in this population.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 110201 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Flemming, Kate
%A McInnes, Elizabeth
%A Oliver, Sandy
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ.
%B BMC Medical Research Methodology
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 12
%N 
%P 181
%@ 1471-2288
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 111799 110399


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Irving, Michelle J
%A Tong, Allison
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Cass, Alan
%A Rose, John
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Allen, Richard D
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%T Factors that influence the decision to be an organ donor: a systematic review of the qualitative literature.
%B Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 27
%N 6
%P 2526-2533
%@ 1460-2385
%X BACKGROUND:  Transplantation is the treatment of choice for organ failure, but a worldwide shortage of suitable organs exists. We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies that explored community attitudes towards living and deceased solid organ donation to inform strategies to improve organ donation rates.METHODS:  Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and EconLIT were searched. Qualitative studies that explored community attitudes towards living and deceased solid organ donation were included. A thematic synthesis of the results and conclusions reported by primary authors was performed.RESULTS:  Eighteen studies involving 1019 participants were identified. Eight themes emerged. The decision to be an organ donor was influenced by (i) relational ties; (ii) religious beliefs; (iii) cultural influences; (iv) family influences; (v) body integrity; (vi) previous interactions with the health care system-medical mistrust, validity of brain death and fear of early organ retrieval; (vii) the individual''s knowledge about the organ donation process and (viii) major reservations about the process of donation, even in those who support organ donation.CONCLUSIONS:  This review of qualitative studies highlights that seemingly intractable factors, such as religion and culture, are often tied in with more complex issues such as a distrust of the medical system, misunderstandings about religious stances and ignorance about the donation process. Intervention that could be considered includes culturally appropriate strategies to engage minority groups, especially through religious or cultural leaders, and more comprehensively available information about the donation process and its positive outcomes.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Willis, Narelle S
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 2
%N 
%P CD003264
%@ 1469-493X
%X Growth retardation is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children and is of concern to families. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment has been used to help short children with CKD attain a height more in keeping with their age group. However there are concerns about the long-term benefits of rhGH in significantly improving adult height as well as concerns about potential adverse effects (deterioration in native kidney function, increased acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients, benign intracranial hypertension).
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A Rabindranath, Kannaiyan S
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Roderick, Paul J
%A Locatelli, Francesco
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T High-flux versus low-flux membranes for end-stage kidney disease.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 9
%N 
%P CD005016
%@ 1469-493X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Chapman, Jeremy
%A Pollock, Carol
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Salkeld, Glenn
%A Tong, Allison
%A Williams, Narelle
%A Webster, Angela
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T How do people with chronic kidney disease value cancer-related quality of life?
%B Nephrology
%D 2012
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 17
%N 1
%P 32-41
%@ 1440-1797
%X Objectives:??? To estimate the utility-based QOL of people with CKD and to estimate the QOL associated with two hypothetical colorectal cancer health states. Methods:??? A cross-sectional study was conducted in people with CKD (stages 3-5, transplant recipients and those on dialysis) from three centres in Sydney, Australia. We measured participants'' own QOL and that of two hypothetical colorectal cancer health states using a rating scale, and a utility based QOL measure, the time-trade off, with extremes of 0 (death) and 1 (full health). Results:??? Recipients of kidney transplants (n = 79) had the highest mean QOL weights of 0.79 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.34) compared to participants with CKD 3-5 (n = 53) with mean QOL weights of 0.70 (SD = 0.39), and those on dialysis (n = 89), who had the lowest mean QOL weights of 0.62 (SD = 0.41) (p = 0.02). Having early and advanced stage colorectal cancers were valued at mean QOL weights of 0.44 (SD = 0.41) and 0.12 (SD = 0.25) among people with moderate stage CKD; 0.45 (SD = 0.39) and 0.11 (SD = 0.24) among dialysis patients; 0.62 (SD = 0.36) and 0.18 (SD = 0.29) among kidney transplant recipients. Conclusions:??? People with CKD have poor QOL. Having co-existent illnesses such as cancer further reduces the overall well-being of individuals with kidney disease. In addition to the development of effective screening and treatment programs to improve cancer outcomes in people with CKD, our study also highlights the need for effective interventions to improve the QOL in people with CKD, particularly those with major co-morbidities like cancer.
%Z FOR Codes: 1402 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Howell, Martin
%A Tong, Allison
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Howard, Kirsten
%T Important Outcomes for Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Nominal Group and Qualitative Study.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2012
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 60
%N 2
%P 186-196
%@ 1523-6838
%X BACKGROUND: Immunosuppression is associated with a number of adverse outcomes, but typically it is the physician, not the patient, who decides on the drug regimen. The perspective of the patient in clinical decision making is increasingly recognized in other settings, but the perspectives of kidney transplant recipients are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to elicit patient perspectives and priorities for outcomes after transplant and the reasons underpinning these priorities. METHODS: Outcome identification and ranking were undertaken using a focus/nominal group technique. Adult kidney transplant recipients, purposively sampled from 3 transplant centers, participated in 1 of 8 nominal groups. Each group (6-10 participants) listed and ranked outcomes relevant to immunosuppressant medications. RESULTS: 57 participants identified 47 outcomes relevant to immunosuppression after transplant surgery. Transplant survival consistently was ranked more highly than any other outcome, followed by damage to other organs, survival, and cancer. Only 12% of participants ranked their own survival as more important than transplant survival. In contrast, the relative importance of side effects differed among participants. Themes underpinning priorities were concern for fatal and serious events; relevance to life circumstance; acceptance, trivialization, and tolerance; and future outlook. Participants described a willingness to tolerate side effects, dependent on personal relevance and ability to manage the side effect. CONCLUSIONS: Transplant survival appears to be more important than life itself to kidney transplant recipients, suggesting that they may be willing to tolerate a higher level of immunosuppression than is assumed by clinicians and researchers.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Narelle C
%A Tong, Allison
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Wong, Germaine
%T Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of kidney transplant recipients
regarding their risk of cancer
%B Nephrology
%D 2012
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 17
%N 3
%P 300-306
%@ 1440-1797
%X Aim:??? Despite an increased risk of cancer post-transplant, little is known about the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes to cancer and its prevention among kidney transplant recipients. This study aims to explore these beliefs and attitudes, to better understand patient motives and potential barriers to early detection of cancer. Methods:??? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fourteen kidney and eight kidney-pancreas transplant recipients based at a single transplant centre in Sydney, Australia, between October 2009 and February 2010. Results:??? Thematic data analysis identified four major themes: 1) skin cancer focused; participants were generally only aware about their increased risk of skin cancer and available prevention strategies for that cancer alone; 2) limited awareness; participants knew little about their excess risk for non-skin cancers and possible preventative and screening strategies; 3) fear of cancer; cancer fears were heightened by prior experiences, some felt vulnerable to cancer and perceived that cancer outcomes were worse than kidney disease; and 4) prioritising present health issues; participants believed cancer was not imminent and had limited capacity to absorb information about long-term risks, particularly as current health concerns appeared pressing and important. Conclusions:??? Awareness of increased cancer risk and cancer screening among kidney transplant recipients is focused narrowly on skin cancer, with limited awareness for other cancers. Recipients prioritised current health issues rather than future risks to health such as cancer. Transplant care providers should provide evidence-based information on cancer risk and screening, being sensitive to the timing and needs of the patient. Improved knowledge may empower patients to minimise their risk of cancer by participating in screening and cancer prevention programs.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111706 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Deshpande, Aniruddh V
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Smith, Grahame Hh
%A Caldwell, Patrina Hy
%T Management of daytime urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms in children.
%B Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 48
%N 2
%P E44-E52
%@ 1034-4810
%X Lower urinary tract symptoms, particularly urgency, frequency and incontinence are common in school-aged children but are often overlooked. They may cause considerable physical, social and psychological difficulties to children and their families, and usually are manifestations of underlying non-neurogenic voiding disorders. The differential diagnoses include overactive bladder syndrome, dysfunctional voiding and vaginal reflux as well as less common conditions like giggle incontinence, voiding postponement, pollakiuria and diabetes insipidus. In this paper, we discuss an evidence-based approach to the management of conditions causing daytime urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms in children from a general paediatrician''s perspective.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A McGee, Richard G
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Rogerson, Thomas E
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Medical device regulation in Australia: safe and effective?
%B Medical journal of Australia
%D 2012
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 196
%N 4
%P 256-260
%@ 1326-5377
%X To describe the frequency, characteristics and outcomes of reports of possible harms related to medical devices submitted to the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) using data made publicly available on the TGA website.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 100499


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Lee, Bon San B
%A Bhuta, Tushar
%A Simpson, Judy M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Methenamine hippurate for preventing urinary tract infections.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 10
%N 
%P CD003265
%@ 1469-493X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Sureshkumar, Premala
%A Caldwell, Patrina
%A Lowe, Alison
%A Simpson, Judy M
%A Williams, Gabrielle
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Parental consent to participation in a randomised trial in children: Associated child, family, and physician factors.
%B Clinical Trials
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Sage Publications Ltd.
%V 9
%N 5
%P 645-651
%@ 1740-7753
%X BACKGROUND: Low participation rates in randomised controlled trials involving children are almost a universal problem, leading to high cost and low statistical power. Trial, parent/family, child, and physician factors have been reported to influence parental willingness to consent for paediatric trials. PURPOSE: To identify modifiable and unmodifiable factors associated with parental consent. METHODS: Demographic and clinical characteristics of children and their families and physician characteristics associated with parental consent were evaluated in a recent randomised placebo-controlled trial of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection. RESULTS: Of 1109 eligible children identified (mean age, 2.0 years), 412 parents (37.2%) consented. On a multivariate analysis, the only modifiable factor associated with consent was request for consent by a member of the research study team rather than by a member of the clinical team (risk ratio (RR) = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-2.9). The unmodifiable factors significantly associated with consent were age of the child (???4 years) (RR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.4), presence of vesicoureteric reflux (RR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3-1.8), inpatient management of the index infection (RR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7-0.9), and multiple (???4) symptoms at presentation (RR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.5). LIMITATIONS: We have reported data from only one of the four participating centres in this trial. Data on non-consenters in other participating centres were not completely collected. Data on characteristics of the recruiting physician were limited. These findings are applicable for those considering a single randomised controlled trial. CONCLUSIONS: Parent, child, and physician factors are associated with consent for trial participation, with most not being modifiable. Having a member of the research study team approach the parent for consent appears to be the only feasible strategy for increasing recruitment to randomised trials in this setting. Clinical Trials 2012; 0: 1 -7. http://ctj.sagepub.com.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Albaramki, Jumana
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Webster, Angela C
%T Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 1
%N 
%P CD007857
%@ 1469-493X
%X The anaemia seen in chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be exacerbated by iron deficiency. Iron can be provided through different routes, with advantages and drawbacks of each route. It remains unclear whether the potential harms and additional costs of intravenous (IV) compared with oral iron are justified.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Irving, Michelle
%A Chadban, Steve
%A Cass, Alan
%A Marren, Niamh
%A Howard, Kirsten
%T Patient preferences for the allocation of deceased donor kidneys for transplantation: a mixed methods study.
%B BMC Nephrology
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 13
%N 
%P 18
%@ 1471-2369
%X ABSTRACT:
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Mahady, Suzanne E
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A George, Jacob
%T Pioglitazone and vitamin E for non alcoholic steatohepatitis: A cost utility analysis.
%B Hepatology
%D 2012
%C United States
%I John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
%V 56
%N 6
%P 2172-2179
%@ 1527-3350
%X OBJECTIVE.: Non alcoholic steatohepatitis is the commonest liver disease in developed countries. However, there is no current data on the cost effectiveness of therapeutic options such as lifestyle modification, pioglitazone or Vitamin E at a population level. We undertook a cost utility analysis to compare these strategies. METHODS.: Using a third party payer perspective, a deterministic Markov model was developed to compare costs and health benefits of lifestyle modification alone or with pioglitazone or Vitamin E in a cohort of patients aged 50 years with biopsy proven NASH and fibrosis level 3 or greater. We assumed an annual cycle length over a lifetime horizon. Probability and utility estimates were derived from a systematic literature review, and uncertainties in parameter estimates were tested using one and two way sensitivity analyses. Our outcome measure was the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER), with $A50,000 or less considered cost effective. RESULTS.: In comparison with lifestyle modification alone, treatment with either pioglitazone or Vitamin E in addition to lifestyle modification was cost effective, with incremental cost effectiveness ratios of $A2058 and $A8083 per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained, respectively. In a direct comparison, pioglitazone was more cost effective than Vitamin E (ICER $A2056/QALY gained). Sensitivity analyses indicated that pioglitazone was not cost effective if either the total drug cost was greater than $A16,000 per annum, or the annual probability of developing cirrhosis in advanced fibrosis was less than 2%. CONCLUSION.: Our modelled analyses suggest that in patients with advanced fibrosis due to NASH, pharmacological treatment in addition to standard lifestyle modification is likely to be cost effective. (HEPATOLOGY 2012.).
%Z FOR Codes: 110307 111716 10406


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%A , Collaborative Depression and Sexual Dysfunction (CDS) in Hemodialysis Working Group
%A Vecchio, Mariacristina
%A Palmer, Suetonia
%A De Berardis, Giorgia
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Lucisano, Giuseppe
%A Johnson, David
%A Pellegrini, Fabio
%A Nicolucci, Antonio
%A Sciancalepore, Michela
%A Saglimbene, Valeria
%A Gargano, Letizia
%A Bonifati, Carmen
%A Ruospo, Marinella
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Montinaro, Vincenzo
%A Stroumza, Paul
%A Zsom, Marianna
%A Torok, Mariatta
%A Celia, Eduardo
%A Gelfman, Ruben
%A Bednarek-Skublewska, Anna
%A Dulawa, Jan
%A Graziano, Giusi
%A Gentile, Giorgio
%A Ferrari, Juan Nin
%A Santoro, Antonio
%A Zucchelli, Annalisa
%A Triolo, Giorgio
%A Maffei, Stefano
%A Hegbrant, Jörgen
%A Wollheim, Charlotta
%A De Cosmo, Salvatore
%A Manfreda, Valeria M
%T Sexual dysfunction in women with ESRD requiring hemodialysis.
%B Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
%D 2012
%C United States
%I American Society of Nephrology
%V 7
%N 6
%P 974-981
%@ 1555-905X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 110202


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Sinha, Ian P
%A Altman, Douglas G
%A Beresford, Michael W
%A Boers, Maarten
%A Clarke, Mike
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Alberighi, Ornella Della Casa
%A Fernandes, Ricardo M
%A Hartling, Lisa
%A Johnston, Bradley C
%A Lux, Andrew
%A Plint, Amy
%A Tugwell, Peter
%A Turner, Mark
%A van der Lee, Johanna H
%A Offringa, Martin
%A Williamson, Paula R
%A Smyth, Rosalind L
%A , StaR Child Health Group
%T Standard 5: selection, measurement, and reporting of outcomes in clinical trials in children.
%B Pediatrics
%D 2012
%C United States
%I American Academy of Pediatrics
%V 129
%N Suppl 3
%P S146-S152
%@ 0031-4005
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Kanellis, John
%A McCarthy, Grace
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T The Motivations and Experiences of Living Kidney Donors: A Thematic Synthesis.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2012
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 60
%N 1
%P 15-26
%@ 1523-6838
%X BACKGROUND: Living kidney donation is associated with better recipient outcomes compared with deceased kidney donation, but living kidney donors face the risk of physical and psychological complications. The aim of this study was to synthesize published qualitative studies of the experiences and perspectives of living kidney donors. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies of motivations to donate and experiences after donation of living kidney donors. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and reference lists of articles were searched to April 2011. RESULTS: 26 studies involving 478 donors were included. We identified 6 themes about the decision to donate: compelled altruism, inherent responsibility, accepting risks, family expectation, personal benefit, and spiritual confirmation. Three themes dominated the impact of donation and postdonation: renegotiating identity (including subthemes of fear and vulnerability, sense of loss, depression and guilt, new appreciation of life, and personal growth and self-worth), renegotiating roles (including subthemes of multiplicity of roles, unable to resume previous activities, and hero status), and renegotiating relationships (including subthemes of neglect, proprietorial concern, strengthened family and recipient bonds, and avoidance of recipient indebtedness). CONCLUSIONS: Kidney donation has a profound and multifaceted impact on the lives of donors and requires them to renegotiate their identity, roles, and relationships. Strategies to safeguard against unwarranted coercion, and to maximize donor resilience, capacity to negotiate their multiple roles as a patient and carer, emotional fortitude, and ability to have balanced expectations and relationships with the recipient and the family are needed to ultimately protect the safety and well-being of living kidney donors.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799 110312 110323


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Cross, Nicholas B
%A Batabyal, Pikli
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T The experiences of commercial kidney donors: thematic synthesis of qualitative research.
%B Transplant International
%D 2012
%C Germany
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 25
%N 11
%P 1138-1149
%@ 1432-2277
%X Commercial transplantation has expanded because of the shortage of kidneys for transplantation. This study aims to synthesize qualitative studies on the experiences and perspectives of living commercial kidney donors. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in electronic databases to April 2011 and consulted experts to identify unpublished studies. Thematic synthesis was used to analyze the findings. Seven studies involving over 676 commercial kidney donors were included. Three major themes were identified: desperation (the participants'' decision to sell their kidney was forced by poverty, debt, or to fulfill a family obligation); despair (destroyed body integrity, shame and secrecy, dehumanized and dispirited, loss of livelihood, heightened sense of vulnerability, disappointment, and regret); and debasement (deception by brokers and recipients, victimized by the hospital, stigmatized by community, and rejected by family). Commercial kidney transplantation is reported to result in ramifications for the donors'' mental, physical, and social well-being. Not only do they remain in poverty, they lose dignity, sense of purpose, respect, relationships, and livelihood. Review of this published literature supports the need for effective implementation of the WHO guiding principles and legislated regulation to deter potential recipients and healthcare providers from pursuing commercial transplantation.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Zoungas, Sophia
%A Lo, Serigne
%A Chalmers, John
%A Cass, Alan
%A Neal, Bruce
%A Woodward, Mark
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Glasziou, Paul
%A Williams, Bryan
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T The risk of cancer in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
%B Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 27
%N 8
%P 3337-3344
%@ 1460-2385
%X BACKGROUND: Diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are both associated with an increased risk of cancer but it is unclear whether diabetes complicated by CKD further augments an individual''s cancer risk. The aim of our study was to determine the association of CKD [defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min] with the overall and site-specific risks of incident cancers among individuals with Type 2 diabetes.METHODS: Cox proportional hazard regression models and competing risk analyses were used to examine the univariate and multivariate adjusted associations between reduced kidney function and the overall and site-specific risks of cancer in participants enrolled in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR controlled evaluation (ADVANCE) trial.RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 5.0 years, 700 malignant neoplasms occurred in the 11???140 (6.4%) participants. There was no increase in overall cancer risk [adjusted hazard ratio: 1.07 (95% confidence interval: 0.89-1.29, P = 0.50)] or site-specific cancer risk for individuals with CKD (defined as eGFR <60 mL/min) compared to those without CKD at baseline. These results were robust to multiple methods and thresholds used to estimate CKD.CONCLUSIONS: Mild to moderate CKD does not increase the risk of cancer in people with Type 2 diabetes. ADVANCE is registered with ClincalTrial.gov (number NCT00145925).
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 110306


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Henderson, Lorna
%A Masson, Philip
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Flanc, Robert S
%A Roberts, Matthew A
%A Strippoli, Giovanni Fm
%A Webster, Angela C
%T Treatment for lupus nephritis.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 12
%N 
%P CD002922
%@ 1469-493X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111706 110399


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A McGee, Richard G
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T What is being published? A word cloud of titles from the journal of paediatrics and child health.
%B Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom, Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 48
%N 5
%P 452
%@ 1034-4810
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, G
%A Chapman, J R
%A Craig, J C
%T mTOR inhibitors: a myth, a cure for cancer or something in between?
%B American Journal of Transplantation
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 12
%N 5
%P 1075-1076
%@ 1600-6143
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Morton, Rachael
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A McTaggart, Steven
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T "When I had my transplant, I became normal." Adolescent perspectives on life after kidney transplantation.
%B Pediatric Transplantation
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 15
%N 3
%P 285-293
%@ 1399-3046
%X Tong A, Morton R, Howard K, McTaggart S, Craig JC. "When I had my transplant, I became normal." Adolescent perspectives on life after kidney transplantation. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 285-293. ?? 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract:??? This study aimed to explore experiences and perspectives of adolescent kidney transplant recipients following kidney transplantation. We conducted 22 in-depth, face-to-face interviews with adolescent kidney transplant recipients (aged 12-19???yr) from five Australian pediatric transplant units. We analyzed the interview transcripts for descriptive and analytical themes. The overarching theme was achieving a sense of normality. Having the same opportunities and potential to achieve as other adolescents facilitated better adjustment, well-being and positive development after transplant. Five facilitators and five barriers to achieving a sense of normality were identified. The facilitators were developing their own identity, peer acceptance, making medications routine, freedom and energy, and support structures. The barriers included identity crisis, peer rejection, aversion to medications, lifestyle limitations, and fear and uncertainty. The adolescents felt more knowledge was needed on the technical, medical, and experiential aspects of transplantation and on pertinent issues such as alcohol, drugs, and substance use. Adolescent kidney transplant recipients value normality and have specific information needs about the effect of kidney transplantation on their physical appearance and the tolerance of drugs and alcohol. Novel approaches are needed to foster self-confidence and sense of normality and to provide comprehensive information on the patient journey following kidney transplantation.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111799 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Maione, Ausilia
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Graziano, Giusi
%A Mitchell, Ruth
%A Johnson, David
%A Mann, Johannes F E
%A Gao, Peggy
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Tognoni, Giovanni
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Nicolucci, Antonio
%A De Cosmo, Salvatore
%A Sasso, Antonio
%A Lamacchia, Olga
%A Cignarelli, Mauro
%A Manfreda, Valeria Maria
%A Gentile, Giorgio
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and combined therapy in patients with micro- and macroalbuminuria and other cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
%B Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 26
%N 9
%P 2827-2847
%@ 1460-2385
%X A recent clinical trial showed harmful renal effects with the combined use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARB) in people with diabetes or vascular disease. We examined the benefits and risks of these agents in people with albuminuria and one or more cardiovascular risk factors.
%Z FOR Codes: 110201 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Lopez-Vargas, Pamela A
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Gallagher, Martin P
%A Walker, Rowan G
%A Snelling, Paul L
%A Pedagogos, Eugenia
%A Gray, Nicholas A
%A Divi, Murthy D
%A Gillies, Alastair H
%A Suranyi, Michael G
%A Thein, Hla
%A McDonald, Stephen P
%A Russell, Christine
%A Polkinghorne, Kevan R
%T Barriers to Timely Arteriovenous Fistula Creation: A Study of Providers and Patients.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2011
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 57
%N 6
%P 873-82
%@ 0272-6386
%X Current clinical practice guidelines recommend a native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) as the vascular access of first choice. Despite this, most patients in western countries start hemodialysis therapy using a catheter. Little is known regarding specific physician and system characteristics that may be responsible for delays in permanent access creation.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Tong, Allison
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Cancer screening in people who have chronic disease: the example of kidney disease.
%B Seminars in Dialysis
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 24
%N 1
%P 72-78
%@ 1525-139X
%X Cancer screening in people with chronic illness has been the subject of considerable debate recently. Despite the increased incidence of cancer and higher risk of cancer deaths in selected populations, such as those with kidney disease, the benefits-to-harms ratio of cancer screening is uncertain and is likely to be different to people without chronic illnesses because of the expected higher competing risk of death from disease other than cancer, and a higher risk of complications associated with the screening, the diagnostic, and the treatment processes. Using kidney disease as an example, the authors reviewed the current evidence for early cancer detection through screening in people with two or more coexistent chronic diseases, discussed the accepted principles underpinning cancer screening, and the applicability of these concepts to individuals with chronic disease. This review suggests that future research that evaluates the screening test accuracy, quality of life of having cancer, and cancer treatment effectiveness, targeting those with chronic illnesses are necessary for the development of an effective, safe, and acceptable cancer screening program among people with two or more chronic diseases.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 110312 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wang, Louis W
%A Fahim, Magid A
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Mitchell, Ruth L
%A Baines, Laura
%A Lord, Stephen
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Webster, Angela C
%T Cardiac testing for coronary artery disease in potential kidney transplant recipients.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 12
%N 
%P CD008691
%@ 1469-493X
%X Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and adverse cardiac events. Screening for CAD is therefore an important part of preoperative evaluation for kidney transplant candidates. There is significant interest in the role of non-invasive cardiac investigations and their ability to identify patients at high risk of CAD. 
%Z FOR Codes: 110201 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wang, Louis W
%A Fahim, Magid A
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Mitchell, Ruth L
%A Lord, Stephen W
%A Baines, Laura A
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Webster, Angela C
%T Cardiac testing for coronary artery disease in potential kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review of test accuracy studies.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2011
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 57
%N 3
%P 476-487
%@ 1523-6838
%X Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death after kidney transplant. Screening for coronary artery disease is integral to pretransplant evaluation, although the relative performance of different tests is uncertain.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Rose, John
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Allen, Richard Dm
%A Irving, Michelle
%A Tong, Allison
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Cass, Alan
%T Community Preferences for the Allocation &Donation of Organs - The PAraDOx Study.
%B BMC Public Health
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 11
%N 
%P 386
%@ 1471-2458
%X ABSTRACT:
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hua, Danny K
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Wong, Germaine
%T Cost-Effectiveness of Cidofovir Treatment of Polyomavirus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplant Recipients.
%B Transplantation
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 93
%N 2
%P 188-194
%@ 0041-1337
%X BACKGROUND.: BK virus nephropathy (BKVAN) causes about 10% of late kidney graft loss. Cidofovir is widely used to treat BKVAN, but the magnitude of the health benefits and costs are largely unknown. We aimed to evaluate the incremental health benefits and costs of cidofovir and immunosuppression reduction compared with immunosuppression reduction alone in kidney transplant patients with BKVAN. METHODS.: A probabilistic decision analytic model was developed to simulate a cohort of kidney transplant recipients aged 45 years and above with BKVAN who received cidofovir treatment compared with those who received standard care. The duration of the cycle was 1 year, and the model terminated when all recipients were deceased. RESULTS.: Compared with immunosuppression reduction alone, in the base-case, the incremental health benefits of cidofovir were 0.0061 life-years saved (2.2 days), with savings of $20,756 over the lifetime of a transplant recipient. When varying the most influential variables (the probability of response to treatment and graft loss) between best and worst case scenarios, the incremental health outcomes ranged from -0.967 to 1.093 life-years saved, with incremental costs ranging from an extra $27,313 to saving $20,756. CONCLUSIONS.: Compared with immunosuppression reduction alone, based on best available data, cidofovir treatment and immunosuppression reduction for BKVAN seem to be cost saving and improves health outcomes. However, because of weak clinical data, particularly around comparative effectiveness, there is still moderate uncertainty in the incremental cost effectiveness. Adequately powered trials are still needed to better define optimal treatment strategies for BKVAN before cidofovir can be recommended strongly as routine therapy.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799 110312 140208


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Harris, Anthony
%A Cooper, Bruce A
%A Li, Jing Jing
%A Bulfone, Liliana
%A Branley, Pauline
%A Collins, John F
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Fraenkel, Margaret B
%A Johnson, David W
%A Kesselhut, Joan
%A Luxton, Grant
%A Pilmore, Andrew
%A Rosevear, Martin
%A Tiller, David J
%A Pollock, Carol A
%A Harris, David C
%T Cost-effectiveness of initiating dialysis early: a randomized controlled trial.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2011
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 57
%N 5
%P 707-715
%@ 1523-6838
%X Planned early initiation of dialysis therapy based on estimated kidney function does not influence mortality and major comorbid conditions, but amelioration of symptoms may improve quality of life and decrease costs.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Williams, Gabrielle J
%T Denominators Do Matter: It's a Myth--Urinary Tract Infection Does Not Cause Chronic Kidney Disease.
%B Pediatrics
%D 2011
%C United States
%I American Academy of Pediatrics
%V 128
%N 5
%P 984-5
%@ 0031-4005
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A White, Sarah L
%A Yu, Richard
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Polkinghorne, Kevan R
%A Atkins, Robert C
%A Chadban, Steven J
%T Diagnostic Accuracy of Urine Dipsticks for Detection of Albuminuria in the General Community.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2011
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 58
%N 1
%P 19-28
%@ 0272-6386
%X Urine dipsticks, an inexpensive accessible test for proteinuria, are widely advocated for mass screening; however, their diagnostic accuracy in the general community is largely unknown.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A McGee, Richard G
%A Neuen, Brendon L
%A Mitchell, Ruth L
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Webster, Angela C
%T Diagnostic Test Studies in Nephrology: Quantity, Quality, and Scope.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2011
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 58
%N 6
%P 921-927
%@ 1523-6838
%X Diagnostic errors represent an important cause of preventable harm in health care that may be reduced through evidence-based choice, use, and interpretation of diagnostic tests. We hypothesized that diagnostic errors are reduced through evidence-based choice, use, and interpretation of diagnostic tests.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111706 110399 110312 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Deshpande, Aniruddh V
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Smith, Grahame H H
%A Caldwell, Patrina H Y
%T Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Children With Urinary Incontinence.
%B The Journal of urology
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Elsevier Inc.
%V 186
%N 3
%P 1048-52
%@ 0022-5347
%X We evaluated quality of life in children with urinary incontinence using a disease specific tool (Pediatric Incontinence Questionnaire) and determined factors that decrease quality of life in affected children.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Rochtchina, Elena
%A Flood, Victoria M
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Fluid and nutrient intake and risk of chronic kidney disease.
%B Nephrology
%D 2011
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 16
%N 3
%P 326-334
%@ 1440-1797
%X We evaluated the association between fluid and nutrient intake and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Book Section
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Tong, Allison
%T International guidelines for diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease
%B Handbook of Chronic Kidney Disease Management
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
%V 
%N 
%P 581-588
%@ 9781582558936
%E Daugirdas, John T
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111717


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Nagler, Evi Vt
%A Williams, Gabrielle
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 6
%N 6
%P CD001532
%@ 1469-493X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Gabrielle
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 3
%N 
%P CD001534
%@ 1469-493X
%X Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in children. Symptoms include fever, lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting. UTI is caused by Escherichia coli in over 80% of cases and treatment is a course of antibiotics. Due to acute illness caused by UTI and the risk of pyelonephritis-induced permanent kidney damage, many children are given long-term antibiotics aimed at preventing recurrence.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111403 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Lucewicz, Ania
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Lam, Vincent W T
%A Hawthorne, Wayne J
%A Allen, Richard
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Pleass, Henry C C
%T Management of Primary Symptomatic Lymphocele After Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review.
%B Transplantation
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 92
%N 6
%P 663-73
%@ 0041-1337
%X Management of lymphoceles after kidney transplantation is highly variable. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the different approaches of lymphocele management among kidney transplant recipients.
%Z FOR Codes: 110323 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Taylor, Bronwen T
%A Fernando, Peter
%A Bauman, Adrian E
%A Williamson, Anna
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Redman, Sally
%T Measuring the quality of public open space using Google Earth.
%B American Journal of Preventive Medicine
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Elsevier Inc.
%V 40
%N 2
%P 105-112
%@ 0749-3797
%X Proximity to public open space, such as parks and other green spaces, has considerable health benefits, and people have been shown to be more likely to use such space for physical activity if it is of high quality. This paper describes a new remote-assessment approach that makes use of Google Earth Pro (the free version of this program is Google Earth) to provide rapid and inexpensive measurement of the quality of public open space.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Cass, Alan
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Irving, Michelle
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Nephrologists' Perspectives on Waitlisting and Allocation of Deceased Donor Kidneys for Transplant.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2011
%C United States
%I W.B. Saunders Co.
%V 58
%N 5
%P 704-16
%@ 1523-6838
%X Deceased donor kidneys are a scarce resource and there is debate about how to maximize the benefit from each donated kidney while ensuring equity of access to transplants. Allocation of kidneys to waitlisted patients is determined by a computer algorithm, but the decision to waitlist patients or accept the kidneys offered is largely at the discretion of nephrologists. This study aims to elicit nephrologists'' perspectives on waitlisting patients for kidney transplant and the allocation of deceased kidneys.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Reid, Sharon
%A Cawthon, Peggy M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Samuels, Joshua A
%A Molony, Donald A
%A Strippoli, Giovanni Fm
%T Non-immunosuppressive treatment for IgA nephropathy.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 3
%N 
%P CD003962
%@ 1469-493X
%X IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular disease with approximately 30% to 40% of patients progressing to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) within 20 years. The most common regimens include immunosuppressive agents, however the risks of long-term treatment often outweigh the potential benefits. Non-immunosuppressive options, including fish oils, anticoagulants, antihypertensive agents and tonsillectomy have also been examined but not reviewed systematically.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Book Section
%A Collins, John
%A Cooper, Bruce
%A Branley, Pauline
%A Bulfone, Liliana
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Fraenkel, Margaret
%A Harris, Anthony
%A Johnson, David
%A Kesselhut, Joan
%A Li, Jing Jing
%A Luxton, Grant
%A Pilmore, Andrew
%A Tiller, David
%A Harris, David
%A Pollock, Carol
%T Outcomes of patients with planned initiation of hemodialysis in the IDEAL Trial
%B Contributions to Nephrology: Hemodialysis
%D 2011
%C Switzerland
%I S. Karger AG
%V 
%N 
%P 1-9
%@ 9783805597715
%E Ronco, Claudio
%E Rosner, Mitchell H
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110202


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A Vecchio, Mariacristina
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Elder, Grahame J
%A Strippoli, Giovanni Fm
%T Phosphate binders for preventing and treating bone disease in chronic kidney disease patients.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 2
%N 
%P CD006023
%@ 1469-493X
%X Phosphate binders are widely used to lower serum phosphorus levels in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) but their impact in CKD remains controversial.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 110314


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Tjaden, Lidwien
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Morton, Rachael
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Quality of Life of Adolescent Kidney Transplant Recipients.
%B The Journal of Pediatrics
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Mosby, Inc
%V 159
%N 4
%P 670-5.e2
%@ 0022-3476
%X To elicit utility-based quality of life (QOL) of adolescent kidney transplant recipients.
%Z FOR Codes: 111714 111403 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Wong, Germaine
%A de Bruijn, Jeanine
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Screening and Follow-Up of Living Kidney Donors: A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines.
%B Transplantation
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 92
%N 9
%P 962-72
%@ 0041-1337
%X To minimize the health risks faced by living kidney donors, multiple clinical practice guidelines have been developed on the assessment and care of potential donors. This study aims to compare the quality, scope, and consistency of these guidelines. We searched for guidelines on living kidney donation in electronic databases, guideline registries, and relevant Web sites to February 21, 2011. Methodological quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Education (AGREE) instrument. Textual synthesis was used to compare guideline recommendations. Ten guidelines, published from 1996 to 2010, were identified. Although generally comprehensive, scope varied considerably and mostly appeared to lack methodological rigor. Many recommendations were consistent, but important differences were evident, particularly for thresholds for comorbidities which precluded donation; obesity/overweight (body mass index, 30-35 kg/m), diabetes/prediabetes (fasting blood glucose level, 6.1-7.0 mmol/L and oral glucose tolerance test, 7.8-11.1 mmol/L), hypertension (130/85 to 140/90 mm Hg), cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and nephrolithiasis. The importance of informed voluntary consent, genuine motivation, support, and psychological health were recognized but difficult to implement as specific tools for conducting psychosocial assessments were not recommended. Multiple major guidelines for living kidney donation have been published recently, resulting in unnecessary duplicative efforts. Most do not meet standard processes for development, and important recommendations about thresholds for exclusion based on comorbidities are contradictory. There is an urgent need for international collaboration and coordination to ensure, where possible, that guidelines for living donation are consistent, evidence based, and comprehensive to promote best outcomes for a precious resource.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111799 110323


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Screening for renal cancer in recipients of kidney transplants.
%B Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom, Belg
%I Oxford University Press
%V 26
%N 5
%P 1729-1739
%@ 1460-2385
%X Renal cancer is the most common solid organ cancer in the kidney transplant population with an excess risk ~ 5-fold greater than the general population. It is uncertain whether routine screening for renal cancer is cost-effective. The aim of our study is to estimate the costs and health benefits of ultrasonographic (US) screening for renal cancer in the kidney transplant population.
%Z FOR Codes: 140208 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Pellegrini, Fabio
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Elder, Grahame J
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Serum levels of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
%B Journal of the American Medical Association
%D 2011
%C United States
%I American Medical Association
%V 305
%N 11
%P 1119-1127
%@ 1538-3598
%X Clinical practice guidelines on the management of mineral and bone disorders due to chronic kidney disease recommend specific treatment target levels for serum phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and calcium.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 110201


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hartling, L
%A Wittmeier, K D M
%A Caldwell, P H
%A van der Lee, J H
%A Klassen, T P
%A Craig, J C
%A Offringa, M
%A , StaR Child Health group
%T StaR Child Health: developing evidence-based guidance for the design, conduct, and reporting of pediatric trials.
%B Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Nature Publishing Group
%V 90
%N 5
%P 727-731
%@ 1532-6535
%X Standards for Research in (StaR) Child Health was founded in 2009 to address the paucity and shortcomings of pediatric clinical trials. This initiative involves international experts who are dedicated to developing practical, evidence-based standards to enhance the reliability and relevance of pediatric clinical research. Through a systematic "knowledge to action" plan, StaR Child Health will make efforts to improve and expand the evidence base for child health across the world.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Tong, Allison
%A Bourke, Michael J
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Hope, Richard L
%A Williams, Narelle
%A Kieu, Anh
%A Allen, Richard
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Pollock, Carol
%A Webster, Angela
%A Roger, Simon D
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Test performance of faecal occult blood testing for the detection of bowel cancer in people with chronic kidney disease (DETECT) protocol.
%B BMC Public Health
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 11
%N 
%P 516
%@ 1471-2458
%X ABSTRACT:
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111202 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Baigent, Colin
%A Landray, Martin J
%A Reith, Christina
%A Emberson, Jonathan
%A Wheeler, David C
%A Tomson, Charles
%A Wanner, Christoph
%A Krane, Vera
%A Cass, Alan
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Neal, Bruce
%A Jiang, Lixin
%A Hooi, Lai Seong
%A Levin, Adeera
%A Agodoa, Lawrence
%A Gaziano, Mike
%A Kasiske, Bertram
%A Walker, Robert
%A Massy, Ziad A
%A Feldt-Rasmussen, Bo
%A Krairittichai, Udom
%A Ophascharoensuk, Vuddidhej
%A Fellström, Bengt
%A Holdaas, Hallvard
%A Tesar, Vladimir
%A Wiecek, Andrzej
%A Grobbee, Diederick
%A de Zeeuw, Dick
%A Grönhagen-Riska, Carola
%A Dasgupta, Tanaji
%A Lewis, David
%A Herrington, William
%A Mafham, Marion
%A Majoni, William
%A Wallendszus, Karl
%A Grimm, Richard
%A Pedersen, Terje
%A Tobert, Jonathan
%A Armitage, Jane
%A Baxter, Alex
%A Bray, Christopher
%A Chen, Yiping
%A Chen, Zhengming
%A Hill, Michael
%A Knott, Carol
%A Parish, Sarah
%A Simpson, David
%A Sleight, Peter
%A Young, Alan
%A Collins, Rory
%A , SHARP Investigators
%T The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial.
%B Lancet
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I The Lancet Publishing Group
%V 377
%N 9784
%P 2181-2192
%@ 0140-6736
%X Lowering LDL cholesterol with statin regimens reduces the risk of myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and the need for coronary revascularisation in people without kidney disease, but its effects in people with moderate-to-severe kidney disease are uncertain. The SHARP trial aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the combination of simvastatin plus ezetimibe in such patients.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Snidvongs, Kornkiat
%A Kalish, Larry
%A Sacks, Raymond
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Harvey, Richard J
%T Topical steroid for chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 0
%N 8
%P CD009274
%@ 1469-493X
%X Topical corticosteroid is used as part of a comprehensive medical treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) without polyps. Nevertheless, there is insufficient evidence to show a clear overall benefit. Trials studying the efficacy of topical corticosteroid use various delivery methods in patients who have or have not had sinus surgery, which directly impacts on topical delivery and distribution.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A McGee, Richard G
%A Su, Michael
%A Kelly, Patrick J
%A Higgins, Gail Y
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Webster, Angela C
%T Trial Registration and Declaration of Registration by Authors of Randomized Controlled Trials.
%B Transplantation
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 92
%N 10
%P 1094-1100
%@ 0041-1337
%X Trial registration was introduced to reduce research bias by promoting trial transparency and accountability. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of, and factors associated with, trial registration and declaration of trial registration.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Cooper, Bruce A
%A Branley, Pauline
%A Bulfone, Liliana
%A Collins, John F
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Fraenkel, Margaret B
%A Harris, Anthony
%A Johnson, David W
%A Kesselhut, Joan
%A Li, Jing Jing
%A Luxton, Grant
%A Pilmore, Andrew
%A Tiller, David J
%A Harris, David C
%A Pollock, Carol A
%A , the IDEAL Study
%T A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Early versus Late Initiation of Dialysis.
%B The New England journal of medicine
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Massachusetts Medical Society
%V 363
%N 7
%P 609-19
%@ 1533-4406
%X In clinical practice, there is considerable variation in the timing of the initiation of maintenance dialysis for patients with stage V chronic kidney disease, with a worldwide trend toward early initiation. In this study, conducted at 32 centers in Australia and New Zealand, we examined whether the timing of the initiation of maintenance dialysis influenced survival among patients with chronic kidney disease.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Gabrielle J
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Chan, Siew F
%A Turner, Robin M
%A Hodson, Elisabeth
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children: a meta-analysis.
%B The Lancet Infectious Diseases
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I The Lancet Publishing Group
%V 10
%N 4
%P 240-250
%@ 1474-4457
%X Rapid urine tests, such as microscopy, for bacteria and white cells, and dipsticks, for leucocyte esterase and nitrites, are often used in children that are unwell to guide early diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection. We aimed to establish whether these tests were sufficiently sensitive to avoid urine culture in children with negative results and to compare the accuracy of dipsticks with microscopy. Medline, Embase, and reference lists were searched. Studies were included if urine culture results were compared with rapid tests in children. Data were analysed to obtain absolute and relative accuracy estimates. Data from 95 studies in 95 703 children were analysed. Summary estimates for sensitivity and specificity for microscopy for Gram-stained bacteria were 91% (95% CI 80-96) and 96% (92-98), for unstained bacteria were 88% (75-94) and 92% (84-96), for urine white cells were 74% (67-80) and 86% (82-90), for leucocyte esterase or nitrite positive dipstick were 88% (82-91) and 79% (69-87), and for nitrite-only positive dipstick were 49% (41-57) and 98% (96-99). Microscopy for bacteria with Gram stain had higher accuracy than other laboratory tests with relative diagnostic odds ratio compared with bacteria without Gram stain of 8.7 (95% CI 1.8-41.1), white cells of 14.5 (4.7-44.4), and nitrite of 22.0 (0.7-746.3). Microscopy for white cells should not be used for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection because its accuracy is no better than that of dipstick, laboratory facilities are needed, and results are delayed. Rapid tests are negative in around 10% of children with a urinary tract infection and cannot replace urine culture. If resources allow, microscopy with Gram stain should be the single rapid test used.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gallagher, Martin P
%A Cass, Alan
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Applying evidence into routine clinical care at a unit level: The exemplar of renal anaemia management.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 4
%P 429-433
%@ 1440-1797
%X Variability in implementing research evidence into clinical practice is widespread, including in the management of patients with kidney disease. There are numerous well-known barriers and facilitators to evidence implementation identified in other clinical settings and a few chronic kidney disease studies. The necessary changes to health systems that support evidence implementation take time to design, apply and to have a measurable effect. Measurement against an agreed standard is fundamental to this process. We use the example of renal anaemia management across a dialysis unit to illustrate an approach to these issues.
%Z FOR Codes: 104


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Cross, Nicholas B
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Webster, Angela C
%T Asking the right question and finding the right answers.
%B Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 1
%P 8-11
%@ 1440-1797
%X Clinical consultations generate questions that can be informed by published (and unpublished) evidence. This is the basis for evidence-based practice. Finding answers involves searching available electronic databases. We describe a method for rephrasing or ''framing'' clinical questions into population, intervention, comparator and outcome terms that helps to determine the best type of study to search for, and aids in the design of search strategies.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 80704


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Morrow, Angela M
%A Quine, Susan
%A Heaton, Maria D
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Assessing quality of life in paediatric clinical practice.
%B Journal of Paediatrics and Child health
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 46
%N 6
%P 323-328
%@ 1034-4810
%X The rising prevalence of children with chronic conditions has made quality of life an increasingly important outcome measure in paediatric practice. The discrepancy between doctors'' and patients'' perceptions of quality of life makes formal assessment necessary. In this paper we use a case scenario to answer commonly asked questions. What is quality of life and who can assess it? Why assess quality of life in the clinical setting? Is it feasible to measure in routine clinical practice? How is quality of life formally assessed? We provide a basic outline of the language and methods of quality of life assessment and use the case scenario to discuss the process of choosing an appropriate instrument. We conclude that quality of life assessment in clinical practice is feasible and provides benefits for both patients and doctors. The benefits include better informed doctors, improved patient doctor communication and a means to effectively monitor quality of life as a treatment outcome.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Howell, M
%A Twigg, Stephen
%A Thomas, M
%A Cass, Alan
%A Campbell, Dianne
%A Tong, Alan
%A Mangos, G
%A Stack, A
%A MacIsaac, R
%A Girgis, Seham
%A Colagiuri, Ruth
%A Colagiuri, Stephen
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Assessment of kidney function in type 2 diabetes
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N Supp 1
%P S146-S161
%@ 1440-1797
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Hawley, Carmel
%T Clinical research for nephrologists: a practical series.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 1
%P 7
%@ 1440-1797
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Cass, Alan
%A Rose, John
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Allen, Richard D
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Community preferences for the allocation of solid organs for transplantation: a systematic review.
%B Transplantation
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 89
%N 7
%P 796-805
%@ 0041-1337
%X BACKGROUND: Organs for transplantation are a scarce community resource but community preferences and how they are incorporated into allocation policies are unclear. This systematic review aimed to ascertain community preferences for organ allocation and the principles underpinning these preferences. METHODS: Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, EconLit, and gray literature databases were searched. Quantitative data were extracted, and a qualitative textual synthesis of the results and conclusions reported in each included study was performed. RESULTS: Fifteen studies involving more than 5563 respondents were included. Seven themes describing community preferences for organ allocation were identified: (1) maximum benefit, to achieve maximum health gain in recipient survival and quality of life; (2) social valuation, to base preferences on societal gain; (3) moral deservingness, to consider the "worthiness" of recipients based on their social standing and lifestyle decisions; (4) prejudice, to make a judgement based on personal ideologic viewpoints; (5) "fair innings," to provide an organ preferentially to the younger recipient giving opportunity for a "normal" life span and to those waiting for a first organ rather than a retransplant; (6) "first come, first served," to allocate the organ to recipients wait-listed the longest; and (7) medical urgency, to allocate based on illness severity and saving life. CONCLUSIONS: Community preferences for organ allocation hinge on a complex balance of efficiency, social valuation, morality, fairness, and equity principles. Being a community-held resource, effective ways to identify and incorporate community preferences into allocation algorithms for solid organ transplantation are warranted.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Sureshkumar, Premala
%A Caldwell, Patrina Hy
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Diagnosing daytime bladder symptoms in children with nocturnal enuresis: A comparison of brief parental questionnaire with in-depth, physician-elicited, assessment.
%B Journal of paediatrics and child health
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 46
%N 
%P 636-41
%@ 1034-4810
%X To assess the accuracy of brief parental questionnaire reporting of daytime bladder symptoms in children with nocturnal enuresis and compare with in-depth reporting elicited by physician assessment, for diagnosing monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Sinha, Y K
%A Craig, J C
%A Barclay, P
%A Taitz, J
%A South, M
%A Coulthard, K
%A Pearson, C
%A Erickson, S
%A Brien, J E
%T Drug approval processes in Australian Paediatric Hospitals.
%B Archives of disease in childhood
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 95
%N 9
%P 739-44
%@ 1468-2044
%X To describe and evaluate the decision-making processes for drug approval in Australian paediatric hospitals.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Economic evaluation in clinical nephrology: Part 1. An introduction to conducting an economic evaluation in clinical practice.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 4
%P 434-440
%@ 1440-1797
%X Decision-making in clinical practice is complex and getting more complex. There are a large range of alternative actions possible, all with different consequences and trade-offs. The complexity of medical decision-making is best illustrated using a clinical scenario.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Economic evaluation in clinical nephrology: Part 2. Applying economic evaluations in clinical nephrology.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 5
%P 533-539
%@ 1440-1797
%X Our previous article described the principles of conducting an economic evaluation for evidence-based medical decision making. This article provides some tips for reading, critically appraising and applying the findings of an economic evaluation in clinical practice.
%Z FOR Codes: 1402


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Loy, Clement
%T How long should treatments be continued?
%B BMJ)
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Unit
%I BMJ Group
%V 341
%N 
%P c4102
%@ 1468-5833
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 110319 110399


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Kelly, Patrick J
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T How many patients do we need for a clinical trial? Demystifying sample size calculations.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 8
%P 725-731
%@ 1440-1797
%X Determining the number of subjects required for a study is a critical component when planning a research project. An adequate number of patients are needed in order to be able to answer the research question of interest with a degree of certainty. In this paper, the information that is required for determining the sample size is described. The primary aim is to demystify the sample size section in published clinical trials. Some of the difficulties in determining the sample size correctly are also highlighted and some good practices recommended.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 10402 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T How to apply results from randomized trials and systematic reviews to individual patient care.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 3
%P 277-280
%@ 1440-1797
%X A clinician may apply the results from randomized controlled trials and population-based cohort studies to the management of an individual patient to determine whether the patient will achieve more benefit than harm from the intervention. From the data the clinician should determine what are the benefits and harms of the intervention, whether there are any variations in the relative treatment effect, whether the treatment effect varies with different baseline risks of disease in untreated patients, what are the predicted reductions in absolute risk of disease for individuals and whether the benefits outweigh the risks for their patient. If the patient is at a low risk of the outcome, the harms of therapy may not justify its use to prevent or treat the disease. However, if the patient is at a high risk of developing the outcome, he or she is likely to gain more benefit than harm from the therapy.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Cross, Nicholas B
%A Mitchell, Ruth
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T How to get the most from the medical literature: searching the medical literature effectively.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 1
%P 12-19
%@ 1440-1797
%X Different clinical questions are best answered using different study designs. This paper describes the best methods for finding relevant studies for well-framed clinical questions. We focus on which database is best to search to answer your question, describe the structure of effective search strategies and explore ways to develop appropriate search terms. We illustrate these with sensitive and specific search strategies to answer different clinical questions arising from a hypothetical clinical scenario typical of a nephrologist''s everyday practice.
%Z FOR Codes: 80704 111706 80604


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Henderson, Lorna K
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Willis, Narelle S
%A Tovey, David
%A Webster, Angela C
%T How to write a Cochrane systematic review.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 6
%P 617-624
%@ 1440-1797
%X The Cochrane Collaboration is a global network whose aim is to improve health-care decision making through systematic reviews of the effects of health-care interventions. Cochrane systematic reviews are published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews within The Cochrane Library ( http://www.thecochranelibrary.com), and regularly updated as new evidence arises. Cochrane Reviews are undertaken by teams of volunteer authors, who have access to free training resources, reference texts and software for preparing and maintaining their review. Here we aim to describe the steps involved to undertake a new or update an existing Cochrane Review.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 111799 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Ruster, Lorenn P
%A McGee, Richard
%A Matheson, Sandra L
%A Higgins, Gail Y
%A Willis, Narelle S
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Interleukin 2 receptor antagonists for kidney transplant recipients.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 0
%N 1
%P CD003897
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Interleukin 2 receptor antagonists (IL2Ra) are used as induction therapy for prophylaxis against acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients. Use of IL2Ra has increased steadily since their introduction, but the proportion of new transplant recipients receiving IL2Ra differs around the globe, with 27% of new kidney transplant recipients in the United States, and 70% in Australasia receiving IL2Ra in 2007. OBJECTIVES: To systematically identify and summarise the effects of using an IL2Ra, as an addition to standard therapy, or as an alternative to another immunosuppressive induction strategy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Renal Group''s specialised register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify new records, and authors of included reports were contacted for clarification where necessary. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in all languages comparing IL2Ra to placebo, no treatment, other IL2Ra or other antibody therapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data was extracted and assessed independently by two authors, with differences resolved by discussion. Dichotomous outcomes are reported as relative risk (RR) and continuous outcomes as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: We included 71 studies (306 reports, 10,537 participants). Where IL2Ra were compared with placebo (32 studies; 5,784 patients) graft loss including death with a functioning graft was reduced by 25% at six months (16 studies: RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.98) and one year (24 studies: RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.90), but not beyond this. At one year biopsy-proven acute rejection was reduced by 28% (14 studies: RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.81), and there was a 19% reduction in CMV disease (13 studies: RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.97). There was a 64% reduction in early malignancy within six months (8 studies: RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.86), and creatinine was lower (7 studies: MD -8.18 micromol/L 95% CI -14.28 to -2.09) but these differences were not sustained.When IL2Ra were compared to ATG (16 studies, 2211 participants), there was no difference in graft loss at any time point, or for acute rejection diagnosed clinically, but the was benefit of ATG therapy over IL2Ra for biopsy-proven acute rejection at one year (8 studies:, RR 1.30 95% CI 1.01 to 1.67), but at the cost of a 75% increase in malignancy (7 studies: RR 0.25 95% CI 0.07 to 0.87) and a 32% increase in CMV disease (13 studies: RR 0.68 95% CI 0.50 to 0.93). Serum creatinine was significantly lower for IL2Ra treated patients at six months (4 studies: MD -11.20 micromol/L 95% CI -19.94 to -2.09). ATG patients experienced significantly more fever, cytokine release syndrome and other adverse reactions to drug administration and more leucopenia but not thrombocytopenia. There were no significant differences in outcomes according to cyclosporine or tacrolimus use, azathioprine or mycophenolate, or to the study populations baseline risk for acute rejection. There was no evidence that effects were different according to whether equine or rabbit ATG was used. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Given a 38% risk of rejection, per 100 recipients compared with no treatment, nine recipients would need treatment with IL2Ra to prevent one recipient having rejection, 42 to prevent one graft loss, and 38 to prevent one having CMV disease over the first year post-transplantation. Compared with ATG treatment, ATG may prevent some experiencing acute rejection, but 16 recipients would need IL2Ra to prevent one having CMV, but 58 would need IL2Ra to prevent one having malignancy. There are no apparent differences between basiliximab and daclizumab. IL2Ra are as effective as other antibody therapies and with significantly fewer side effects.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 10401 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Geary, Denis F
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Interventions for bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2010
%C United States
%I John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
%V 2010
%N 1
%P CD008327
%@ 1469-493X
%X Bone disease is common in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and when untreated may result in bone deformities, bone pain, fractures and reduced growth rates.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Willis, Narelle S
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 11
%N 
%P CD003594
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: The majority of children who present with their first episode of nephrotic syndrome achieve remission with corticosteroid therapy. Children who fail to respond may be treated with immunosuppressive agents including calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporin or tacrolimus) and with non-immunosuppressive agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). Optimal combinations of these agents with the least toxicity remain to be determined. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of interventions used to treat idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) in children. SEARCH STRATEGY: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the Cochrane Renal Group''s specialised register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: RCTs and quasi-RCTs were included if they compared different immunosuppressive agents or non-immunosuppressive agents with placebo, prednisone or other agent given orally or parenterally in children aged three months to 18 years with SRNS. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently searched the literature, determined study eligibility, assessed quality and extracted data. For dichotomous outcomes, results were expressed as risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data were pooled using the random effects model. MAIN RESULTS: Fourteen RCTs (449 children) were included. Cyclosporin when compared with placebo or no treatment significantly increased the number of children who achieved complete remission (three studies, 49 children: RR 7.66, 95% CI 1.06 to 55.34). Cyclosporin significantly increased the number with complete or partial remission compared with IV cyclophosphamide (one study, 32 children: RR 3.40, 95% CI 1.12 to 10.28). There was no significant difference in the number who achieved complete remission between oral cyclophosphamide with prednisone versus prednisone alone (two studies, 91 children: RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.87), IV versus oral cyclophosphamide (one study, 11 children: RR 3.13, 95% CI 0.81 to 12.06), IV cyclophosphamide versus oral cyclophosphamide with IV dexamethasone (one study, 49 children: RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.96), tacrolimus versus cyclosporin (one study, 41 children: RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.66) and azathioprine with prednisone versus prednisone alone (one study, 31 children: RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.15 to 5.84). ACEi significantly reduced proteinuria (two studies, 70 children). No studies were identified comparing high dose steroids and cyclosporin with single agents, placebo or no treatment. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Further adequately powered, well designed RCTs are needed to confirm the efficacy of cyclosporin and to evaluate other regimens for idiopathic SRNS including high dose steroids with cyclosporin.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Walters, Giles D
%A Willis, Narelle S
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults. A systematic review.
%B BMC Nephrology
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 11
%N 
%P 12
%@ 1471-2369
%X Renal vasculitis presents as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and comprises of a group of conditions characterised by acute kidney failure, haematuria and proteinuria. Treatment of these conditions involves the use of steroid and non-steroid agents with or without adjunctive plasma exchange. Although immunosuppression has been successful, many questions remain unanswered in terms of dose and duration of therapy, the use of plasma exchange and the role of new therapies. This systematic review was conducted to determine the benefits and harms of any intervention for the treatment of renal vasculitis in adults.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Kasiske, Bertram L
%A Zeier, Martin G
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Ekberg, Henrik
%A Garvey, Catherine A
%A Green, Michael D
%A Jha, Vivekanand
%A Josephson, Michelle A
%A Kiberd, Bryce A
%A Kreis, Henri A
%A McDonald, Ruth A
%A Newmann, John M
%A Obrador, Gregorio T
%A Vincenti, Flavio G
%A Cheung, Michael
%A Earley, Amy
%A Raman, Gowri
%A Abariga, Samuel
%A Wagner, Martin
%A Balk, Ethan M
%T KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients: a summary.
%B Kidney international
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, United States
%I Nature Publishing Group
%V 77
%N 4
%P 299-311
%@ 0085-2538
%X The 2009 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guideline on the monitoring, management, and treatment of kidney transplant recipients is intended to assist the practitioner caring for adults and children after kidney transplantation. The guideline development process followed an evidence-based approach, and management recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant treatment trials. Critical appraisal of the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations followed the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The guideline makes recommendations for immunosuppression and graft monitoring, as well as prevention and treatment of infection, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and other complications that are common in kidney transplant recipients, including hematological and bone disorders. Limitations of the evidence, especially the lack of definitive clinical outcome trials, are discussed and suggestions are provided for future research. This summary includes a brief description of methodology and the complete guideline recommendations but does not include the rationale and references for each recommendation, which are published elsewhere.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gallagher, Martin P
%A Kelly, Patrick J
%A Jardine, Meg
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Cass, Alan
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Eris, Josette
%A Webster, Angela C
%T Long-Term Cancer Risk of Immunosuppressive Regimens after Kidney Transplantation.
%B Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
%D 2010
%C United States
%I American Society of Nephrology
%V 21
%N 5
%P 852-8
%@ 1533-3450
%X Cancer is a widely recognized complication of transplantation, and the effects of various immunosuppressive drugs on cancer risk remains controversial. This randomized trial allocated 489 recipients of first cadaveric renal transplants to one of three groups: Azathioprine and prednisolone, cyclosporine monotherapy, or cyclosporine monotherapy followed by a switch to azathioprine and prednisolone after 3 months. Here, we report cancer outcomes by non-skin cancer (including melanoma) and skin cancer (excluding melanoma) for 481 patients during a median follow-up of 20.6 years. A total of 226 patients developed at least one cancer: 95 with non-skin cancer and 171 with skin cancer. In the intention-to-treat analysis, mean times to first non-skin cancer (16.0, 15.3, and 15.7 years for groups 1 through 3, respectively) and first skin cancer (13.6, 14.3, and 15.2 years, respectively) were not different among the three groups or between any subgroup. In multivariate analyses, non-skin cancer associated with increasing age and previous smoking history, whereas skin cancer associated with increasing age, nonbrown eye color, fairer skin, and a functioning transplant. Treatment allocation did not associate with development of either form of cancer in multivariate analyses. In conclusion, these immunosuppressive regimens, widely used in recent decades, carry similar risks for carcinogenicity after kidney transplantation.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Johnson, David W
%A Tonelli, Marcello
%A Garg, Amit X
%A Pellegrini, Fabio
%A Ravani, Pietro
%A Jardine, Meg
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Graziano, Giusi
%A McGee, Richard
%A Nicolucci, Antonio
%A Tognoni, Gianni
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Meta-analysis: Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease.
%B Annals of internal medicine
%D 2010
%C United States
%I American College of Physicians
%V 153
%N 1
%P 23-33
%@ 0003-4819
%X Previous meta-analyses suggest that treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk for death. Additional randomized trials have been recently completed.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Bell, Katy J L
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Neal, Bruce C
%A Fox, Kim M
%A Remme, Willem J
%A Asselbergs, Folkert W
%A van Gilst, Wiek H
%A Macmahon, Stephen
%A Remuzzi, Giuseppe
%A Ruggenenti, Piero
%A Teo, Koon K
%A Irwig, Les
%T Monitoring Initial Response to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Based Regimens. An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis From Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials.
%B Hypertension
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 56
%N 3
%P 533-9
%@ 0194-911X
%X Most clinicians monitor blood pressure to estimate a patient''s response to blood pressure-lowering therapy. However, the apparent change may not actually reflect the effect of the treatment, because a person''s blood pressure varies considerably even without the administration of drug therapy. We estimated random background within-person variation, apparent between-person variation, and true between-person variation in blood pressure response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors after 3 months. We used meta-analytic mixed models to analyze individual patient data from 28 281 participants in 7 randomized, controlled trials from the Blood Pressure Lowering Trialists Collaboration. The apparent between-person variation in response was large, with SDs for change in systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure of 15.2/8.5 mm Hg. Within-person variation was also large, with SDs for change in systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure of 14.9/8.45 mm Hg. The true between-person variation in response was small, with SDs for change in systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure of 2.6/1.0 mm Hg. The proportion of the apparent between-person variation in response that was attributed to true between-person variation was only 3% for systolic blood pressure and 1% for diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, most of the apparent variation in response is not because of true variation but is a consequence of background within-person fluctuation in day-to-day blood pressure levels. Instead of monitoring an individual''s blood pressure response, a better approach may be to simply assume the mean treatment effect.
%Z FOR Codes: 110201


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Irving, Michelle J
%A Tong, Allison
%A Rychetnik, Lucie
%A Walker, Rowan G
%A Frommer, Michael S
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Nephrologists' Perspectives on the Effect of Guidelines on Clinical Practice: A Semistructured Interview Study.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2010
%C United States
%I W B Saunders
%V 55
%N 2
%P 241-9
%@ 1523-6838
%X A consistent gap exists between evidence-based guideline recommendations and clinical practice across all medical disciplines, including nephrology. This study aims to explore nephrologists'' perspectives on guidelines and elicit their perspectives on the effects of guidelines on clinical decisions.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Irving, Michelle J
%A Johnson, David W
%A McDonald, Stephen
%A Walker, Rowan G
%A Frommer, Michael S
%A Fetherstonhaugh, Deirdre
%A Deans, Pamela
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Opinions on the content and effects of the Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment (CARI) Guidelines: a survey of renal nurses and comparison with the opinions of nephrologists in Australasia.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 1
%P 48-53
%@ 1440-1797
%X AIM: Renal nurses in Australia and New Zealand are critical to the care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those on dialysis. We aimed to obtain the opinions of renal nurses in Australia and New Zealand on the Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment (CARI) Guidelines. METHODS: A self-administered survey was distributed to all members of the professional organisation for renal nurses (Renal Society of Australasia) in 2006. The results were compared with those from a similar survey in 2002 and an identical 2006 survey of Australian and New Zealand nephrologists. RESULTS: Of the 173 respondents, more than 95% considered the Guidelines to be a good synthesis of the available evidence, 80% indicated that the Guidelines had significantly influenced their practice and 86% considered that the Guidelines had improved patient outcomes. Older respondents were less likely to perceive that the Guidelines had improved patient outcomes, and renal nurse educators were more likely to consider that the Guidelines were based on the best available evidence than other respondents. Respondents were generally more positive about the Guidelines in 2006 than in 2002. Although nephrologists were generally positive about the CARI Guidelines, renal nurses were more positive, especially regarding the effect of the Guidelines on practice and the improvement in health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Australian and New Zealand renal nurses valued the CARI Guidelines highly, used them in practice and considered that they led to improved patient outcomes. Positive responses towards the Guidelines increased between 2002 and 2006.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, A
%A Lowe, A
%A Sainsbury, P
%A Craig, J C
%T Parental perspectives on caring for a child with chronic kidney disease: an in-depth interview study.
%B Child: care, health and development
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Swit
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 36
%N 4
%P 549-57
%@ 1365-2214
%X Children diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) depend on their parents for complex, continuous and intensive support. The study aimed to explore the experiences of parents who have children with CKD.
%Z FOR Codes: 111704


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Gabrielle J
%A Sureshkumar, Premala
%A Wheeler, Danielle
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Pediatrician's responses to an evidence summary about renal tract imaging tests in children after urinary tract infection.
%B Archives of disease in childhood
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 95
%N 4
%P 271-5
%@ 1468-2044
%X Renal tract imaging after urinary tract infection (UTI) has been widely recommended but clinical practice varies substantially among paediatricians.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Vecchio, Mariacristina
%A Johnson, David W
%A Saglimbene, Valeria
%A Graziano, Giusi
%A Pellegrini, Fabio
%A Lucisano, Giuseppe
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Ruospo, Marinella
%A Gentile, Giorgio
%A Manfreda, Valeria Maria
%A Querques, Marialuisa
%A Stroumza, Paul
%A Torok, Marietta
%A Celia, Eduardo
%A Gelfman, Ruben
%A Ferrari, Juan Nin
%A Bednarek-Skublewska, Anna
%A Dulawa, Jan
%A Bonifati, Carmen
%A Hegbrant, Jörgen
%A Wollheim, Charlotta
%A Jannini, Emmanuele A
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Prevalence and Correlates of Self-Reported Sexual Dysfunction in CKD: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2010
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 56
%N 4
%P 670-85
%@ 1523-6838
%X Sexual dysfunction is an under-recognized problem in men and women with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The prevalence, correlates, and predictors of this condition in patients with CKD have not been evaluated comprehensively.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Book Section
%A Matheson, S.L.
%A Masson, Philip
%A Webster, Angela
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infections in adults
%B Evidence-Based Urology
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 
%N 
%P 72-93
%@ 9781405185943
%E Dahm, Philipp
%E Dmochowski, Roger
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Bell, Katy J L
%A Irwig, Les
%A March, Lyn M
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Should response rules be used to decide continued subsidy of very expensive drugs? A checklist for decision makers.
%B Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Unit
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 19
%N 1
%P 99-105
%@ 1099-1557
%X Response rules are increasingly used by the Pharmaceuticals Benefits Scheme (PBS) in Australia and the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the U.K. to limit continued subsidy of very expensive drugs to patients who demonstrate an ''adequate'' response. By targeting therapy to patients who appear to benefit most, policy makers aim to increase the cost-effectiveness of therapy. However, the value of response rules in fulfilling this aim is unproven. We present a four-item checklist that may be used to help decision makers identify when a response rule is appropriate. As an example, we apply our checklist to the response rules used for tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis. On the basis of the checklist we find that the response rules in both countries are inadequate and may cause therapy to be inappropriately ceased in some and continued in others. Careful assessment is needed before decision makers adopt a response rule as a way of increasing the cost effectiveness of therapy.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Caldwell, Patrina H Y
%A Hamilton, Sana
%A Tan, Alvin
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Strategies for Increasing Recruitment to Randomised Controlled Trials: Systematic Review.
%B PLoS medicine
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Public Library of Science
%V 7
%N 11
%P e1000368
%@ 1549-1676
%X BACKGROUND: Recruitment of participants into randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is critical for successful trial conduct. Although there have been two previous systematic reviews on related topics, the results (which identified specific interventions) were inconclusive and not generalizable. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of recruitment strategies for participation in RCTs. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A systematic review, using the PRISMA guideline for reporting of systematic reviews, that compared methods of recruiting individual study participants into an actual or mock RCT were included. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and reference lists of relevant studies. From over 16,000 titles or abstracts reviewed, 396 papers were retrieved and 37 studies were included, in which 18,812 of at least 59,354 people approached agreed to participate in a clinical RCT. Recruitment strategies were broadly divided into four groups: novel trial designs (eight studies), recruiter differences (eight studies), incentives (two studies), and provision of trial information (19 studies). Strategies that increased people''s awareness of the health problem being studied (e.g., an interactive computer program [relative risk (RR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00-2.18], attendance at an education session [RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.01-1.28], addition of a health questionnaire [RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.14-1.66]), or a video about the health condition (RR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11-2.74), and also monetary incentives (RR1.39, 95% CI 1.13-1.64 to RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.28-1.84) improved recruitment. Increasing patients'' understanding of the trial process, recruiter differences, and various methods of randomisation and consent design did not show a difference in recruitment. Consent rates were also higher for nonblinded trial design, but differential loss to follow up between groups may jeopardise the study findings. The study''s main limitation was the necessity of modifying the search strategy with subsequent search updates because of changes in MEDLINE definitions. The abstracts of previous versions of this systematic review were published in 2002 and 2007. CONCLUSION: Recruitment strategies that focus on increasing potential participants'' awareness of the health problem being studied, its potential impact on their health, and their engagement in the learning process appeared to increase recruitment to clinical studies. Further trials of recruitment strategies that target engaging participants to increase their awareness of the health problems being studied and the potential impact on their health may confirm this hypothesis. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chadban, S
%A Howell, M
%A Twigg, S
%A Thomas, M
%A Jerums, G
%A Cass, A
%A Campbell, D
%A Nicholls, K
%A Tong, A
%A Mangos, G
%A Stack, A
%A MacIsaac, R J
%A Girgis, S
%A Colagiuri, R
%A Colagiuri, S
%A Craig, J
%A , CARI
%T The CARI guidelines. Assessment of kidney function in type 2 diabetes.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N Suppl 1
%P S146-S161
%@ 1440-1797
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chadban, S
%A Howell, M
%A Twigg, S
%A Thomas, M
%A Jerums, G
%A Cass, A
%A Campbell, D
%A Nicholls, K
%A Tong, A
%A Mangos, G
%A Stack, A
%A MacIsaac, R J
%A Girgis, S
%A Colagiuri, R
%A Colagiuri, S
%A Craig, J
%A , CARI
%T The CARI guidelines. Cost-effectiveness and socioeconomic implications of prevention and management of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N Suppl 1
%P S195-S203
%@ 1440-1797
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chadban, S
%A Howell, M
%A Twigg, S
%A Thomas, M
%A Jerums, G
%A Cass, A
%A Campbell, D
%A Nicholls, K
%A Tong, A
%A Mangos, G
%A Stack, A
%A MacIsaac, R J
%A Girgis, S
%A Colagiuri, R
%A Colagiuri, S
%A Craig, J
%A , CARI
%T The CARI guidelines. Prevention and management of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N Suppl 1
%P S162-S194
%@ 1440-1797
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Williams, Gabrielle J
%A Jones, Mike
%A Codarini, Miriam
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Irwig, Les
%A Fitzgerald, Dominic A
%A Isaacs, David
%A McCaskill, Mary
%T The accuracy of clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of serious bacterial infection in young febrile children: prospective cohort study of 15 781 febrile illnesses.
%B BMJ
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Unit
%I BMJ Group
%V 340
%N 
%P c1594
%@ 1468-5833
%X OBJECTIVES: To evaluate current processes by which young children presenting with a febrile illness but suspected of having serious bacterial infection are diagnosed and treated, and to develop and test a multivariable model to distinguish serious bacterial infections from self limiting non-bacterial illnesses. Design Two year prospective cohort study. Setting The emergency department of The Children''s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged less than 5 years presenting with a febrile illness between 1 July 2004 and 30 June 2006. INTERVENTION: A standardised clinical evaluation that included mandatory entry of 40 clinical features into the hospital''s electronic record keeping system was performed by physicians. Serious bacterial infections were confirmed or excluded using standard radiological and microbiological tests and follow-up. Main outcome measures Diagnosis of one of three key types of serious bacterial infection (urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and bacteraemia), and the accuracy of both our clinical decision making model and clinician judgment in making these diagnoses. RESULTS: We had follow-up data for 93% of the 15 781 instances of febrile illnesses recorded during the study period. The combined prevalence of any of the three infections of interest (urinary tract infection, pneumonia, or bacteraemia) was 7.2% (1120/15 781, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.7% to 7.5%), with urinary tract infection the diagnosis in 543 (3.4%) cases of febrile illness (95% CI 3.2% to 3.7%), pneumonia in 533 (3.4%) cases (95% CI 3.1% to 3.7%), and bacteraemia in 64 (0.4%) cases (95% CI 0.3% to 0.5%). Almost all (>94%) of the children with serious bacterial infections had the appropriate test (urine culture, chest radiograph, or blood culture). Antibiotics were prescribed acutely in 66% (359/543) of children with urinary tract infection, 69% (366/533) with pneumonia, and 81% (52/64) with bacteraemia. However, 20% (2686/13 557) of children without bacterial infection were also prescribed antibiotics. On the basis of the data from the clinical evaluations and the confirmed diagnosis, a diagnostic model was developed using multinomial logistic regression methods. Physicians'' diagnoses of bacterial infection had low sensitivity (10-50%) and high specificity (90-100%), whereas the clinical diagnostic model provided a broad range of values for sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency department physicians tend to underestimate the likelihood of serious bacterial infection in young children with fever, leading to undertreatment with antibiotics. A clinical diagnostic model could improve decision making by increasing sensitivity for detecting serious bacterial infection, thereby improving early treatment.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Eades, Sandra J
%A Taylor, Bronwen
%A Bailey, Sandra
%A Williamson, Anna B
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Redman, Sally
%A , SEARCH Investigators
%T The health of urban Aboriginal people: insufficient data to close the gap.
%B Medical Journal of Australia
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 193
%N 9
%P 521-524
%@ 0025-729X
%X The Australian Government has committed to reducing Indigenous disadvantage, including closing the life-expectancy gap within a generation, and to halving the gap in mortality rates for children under 5 years of age within a decade. Sixty per cent of the health gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians is attributable to the health of Indigenous people living in non-remote areas of Australia. We conducted a brief review of recent Australian original research publications on the health of the 53% of Indigenous people who live in urban areas, and found that data are sparse; there were only 63 studies in the past 5 years (11% of all articles about Indigenous health during this period). Although Indigenous Australians living in remote areas experience greater health disparity, the government will not achieve its aims without paying due attention to the non-remote-living population. More research is required, and particularly research that actually tests the impact of policies and programs.
%Z FOR Codes: 111701


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Howell, Martin
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T The perspectives of kidney transplant recipients on medicine taking: a systematic review of qualitative studies.
%B Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 26
%N 
%P 344-354
%@ 1460-2385
%X Non-adherence to medication regimens after kidney transplantation is a major risk factor for acute rejection and graft loss, yet little is known about the perspectives of kidney transplant recipients on medicine taking. This study aimed to describe the beliefs, experiences and perspectives of kidney transplant recipients on medicine taking.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%A Williamson, Anna
%A Banks, Emily
%A Redman, Sally
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Cass, Alan
%A Fernando, Debra
%A Eades, Sandra
%A Bailey, Sandra
%T The study of Environment on Aboriginal Resilience
and Child Health (SEARCH): study protocol
%B BMC Public Health
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 10
%N 
%P 287
%@ 1471-2458
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111701


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Bell, Katy J L
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Irwig, Les
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Ensrud, Kristine E
%A Bauer, Douglas C
%T The value of routine BMD monitoring after starting bisphosphonate treatment.
%B Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 25
%N 1
%P 173-174
%@ 1523-4681
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110321


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Supramaniam, Rajah
%A O'Connell, Dianne L
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Validity of registry data: Agreement between cancer records in an end-stage kidney disease registry (voluntary reporting) and a cancer register (statutory reporting).
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 4
%P 491-501
%@ 1440-1797
%X : Aims: End-stage kidney disease registries inform outcomes and policy. Data quality is crucial but difficult to measure objectively. We assessed agreement between incident cancer reported to the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) and to the Central Cancer Registry (CCR) in New South Wales. Methods: ANZDATA records were linked to CCR using probabilistic matching. We calculated agreement between registries for patients with >/=1 cancers, all cancers and site-specific cancer using the kappa statistic (kappa). We investigated cases where records disagreed and compared estimates of cancer risk based either on ANZDATA or on CCR using standardized incidence ratios (indirect standardization by age, sex and calendar year). Results: From 1980 to 2001, 9453 residents had dialysis or transplantation. ANZDATA recorded 867 cancers in 779 (8.2%) registrants; CCR 867 cancers in 788 (8.3%). ANZDATA recorded 170 patients with cancer that CCR did not, CCR recorded 179 patients that ANZDATA did not (kappa = 0.76). ANZDATA had sensitivity 77.3% (confidence interval (CI) 74.2-80.2), specificity 98.1% (CI 97.7-98.3) if CCR records were regarded as the reference standard. Agreement was similar for diagnoses while receiving dialysis (kappa = 0.78) or after transplantation (kappa = 0.79), but varied by cancer type. Agreement was poorest for melanoma (kappa = 0.61) and myeloma (kappa = 0.47) and highest for lymphoma (kappa = 0.80), leukaemia (kappa = 0.86) and breast cancer (kappa = 0.85). Artefact accounted for 20.8% of the non-concordance but error and misclassification did occur in both registries. Estimates of cancer risk based on ANZDATA or CCR records did not differ in any important way. Conclusion: Agreement of cancer records between both registries was high and differences largely explicable. It is likely that both ANZDATA and CCR have some inaccuracies, for reasons that are now more explicit, with themes similar to those likely to be experienced by other registries.
%Z FOR Codes: 111202 111706 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Gabrielle J
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T What nephrologists need to know about diagnostic test accuracy articles.
%B Nephrology
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 15
%N 5
%P 540-543
%@ 1440-1797
%X Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are well-recognized as the best evidence for an intervention and are also becoming more available for diagnostic test evaluation. In the absence of a well-conducted and well-reported systematic review clinicians must rely on primary studies to determine how best to interpret and understand diagnostic test information. Diagnostic test studies are abundant in the published literature; however, there are considerable limitations to the information provided in many of these papers and careful appraisal is required before the findings can be applied to individual patients. The current paper provides a framework for determining bias, clinical applicability and erroneous findings within a paper, allowing greater efficiency in selecting studies and deciding on the value of the information reported in them.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Sureshkumar, Premala
%A Jones, Mike
%A Cumming, Robert
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T A Population Based Study of 2,856 School-Age Children With Urinary Incontinence.
%B The Journal of urology
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Elsevier
%V 181
%N 2
%P 808-15; discussion 815-6
%@ 0022-5347
%X We estimated the spectrum and risk factors for daytime urinary incontinence in school-age children.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Morton, Rachael
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Adolescent Experiences Following Organ Transplantation: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies.
%B Journal of Pediatrics
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Mosby, Inc.
%V 155
%N 4
%P 542-549
%@ 0022-3476
%X To describe the experiences of adolescents who underwent organ transplantation.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Simpson, Judy M
%A Williams, Gabrielle J
%A Lowe, Alison
%A Reynolds, Graham J
%A McTaggart, Steven J
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Carapetis, Jonathan R
%A Cranswick, Noel E
%A Smith, Grahame
%A Irwig, Les M
%A Caldwell, Patrina H Y
%A Hamilton, Sana
%A Roy, Leslie P
%A , Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Children with Vesicoureteric Reflux and Normal Renal Tracts (PRIVENT) Investigators
%T Antibiotic prophylaxis and recurrent urinary tract infection in children.
%B New England Journal of Medicine
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Massachusetts Medical Society
%V 361
%N 18
%P 1748-1759
%@ 1533-4406
%X BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are widely administered to children with the intention of preventing urinary tract infection, but adequately powered, placebo-controlled trials regarding efficacy are lacking. This study from four Australian centers examined whether low-dose, continuous oral antibiotic therapy prevents urinary tract infection in predisposed children. METHODS: We randomly assigned children under the age of 18 years who had had one or more microbiologically proven urinary tract infections to receive either daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole suspension (as 2 mg of trimethoprim plus 10 mg of sulfamethoxazole per kilogram of body weight) or placebo for 12 months. The primary outcome was microbiologically confirmed symptomatic urinary tract infection. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed with the use of time-to-event data. RESULTS: From December 1998 to March 2007, a total of 576 children (of 780 planned) underwent randomization. The median age at entry was 14 months; 64% of the patients were girls, 42% had known vesicoureteral reflux (at least grade III in 53% of these patients), and 71% were enrolled after the first diagnosis of urinary tract infection. During the study, urinary tract infection developed in 36 of 288 patients (13%) in the group receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic group) and in 55 of 288 patients (19%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio in the antibiotic group, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.93; P = 0.02 by the log-rank test). In the antibiotic group, the reduction in the absolute risk of urinary tract infection (6 percentage points) appeared to be consistent across all subgroups of patients (P > or = 0.20 for all interactions). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term, low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated with a decreased number of urinary tract infections in predisposed children. The treatment effect appeared to be consistent but modest across subgroups. (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12608000470392.)
%Z FOR Codes: 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Cross, Nicholas B
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Masson, Philip
%A O'Connell, Philip J
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Antihypertensive treatment for kidney transplant recipients.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 3
%P CD003598
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: In some nontransplant populations, effects of different antihypertensive drug classes vary. Relative effects in kidney transplant recipients are uncertain. OBJECTIVES: To assess comparative effects of different classes of antihypertensive agents in kidney transplant recipients. SEARCH STRATEGY: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, conference proceedings and reference lists of identified studies were searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of any antihypertensive agent applied to kidney transplant recipients for at least two weeks were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data was extracted by two investigators independently. Study quality, transplant outcomes and other patient centred outcomes were assessed using random effects meta-analysis. Risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes, both with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Stratified analyses and meta-regression were used to investigate heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 60 studies, enrolling 3802 recipients. Twenty-nine studies (2262 participants) compared calcium channel blockers (CCB) to placebo/no treatment, 10 studies (445 participants) compared angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) to placebo/no treatment and seven studies (405 participants) compared CCB to ACEi. CCB compared to placebo/no treatment (plus additional agents in either arm as required) reduced graft loss (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.99) and improved glomerular filtration rate (GFR), (MD, 4.45 mL/min, 95% CI 2.22 to 6.68). Data on ACEi versus placebo/no treatment were inconclusive for GFR (MD -8.07 mL/min, 95% CI -18.57 to 2.43), and variable for graft loss, precluding meta-analysis. In direct comparison with CCB, ACEi decreased GFR (MD -11.48 mL/min, 95% CI -5.75 to -7.21), proteinuria (MD -0.28 g/24 h, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.10), haemoglobin (MD -12.96 g/L, 95% CI -5.72 to -10.21) and increased hyperkalaemia (RR 3.74, 95% CI 1.89 to 7.43). Graft loss data were inconclusive (RR 7.37, 95% CI 0.39 to 140.35). Other drug comparisons were compared in small numbers of participants and studies. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that CCB may be preferred as first line agents for hypertensive kidney transplant recipients. ACEi have some detrimental effects in kidney transplant recipients. More high quality studies reporting patient centred outcomes are required.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Cross, Nicholas B
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Masson, Philip
%A O'connell, Philip J
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Antihypertensives for kidney transplant recipients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
%B Transplantation
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 88
%N 1
%P 7-18
%@ 0041-1337
%X In nontransplant populations, effects of different antihypertensive drug classes vary. Relative effects in kidney transplant recipients are uncertain. We performed a systematic review including random effects meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, using Cochrane Collaboration methodology. We identified 60 trials, enrolling 3802 recipients. Twenty-nine trials (2262 patients) compared calcium channel blockers (CCB) with placebo or no treatment, 10 trials (445 patients) compared angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) with placebo or no treatment, and seven studies (405 patients) compared CCB with ACEi. CCB compared with placebo or no treatment (plus additional agents in either arm as required) reduced graft loss (risk ratio [RR] 0.75, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.57-0.99) and improved glomerular filtration rate (GFR; mean difference [MD] 4.5 mL/min, 95% CI 2.2-6.7). Data on ACEi versus placebo or no treatment were inconclusive for GFR (MD -8.1 mL/min, 95% CI -18.6-2.4) and inconsistent for graft loss, precluding meta-analysis. In direct comparison with CCB, ACEi decreased GFR (MD 11.5 mL/min, 95% CI 7.2-15.8), proteinuria (MD 0.28 g/day, 95% CI 0.10-0.47), hemoglobin (MD 11.5 g/L, 95% CI 7.2-15.8), and increased hyperkalemia (RR 3.7, 95% CI 1.9-7.7). Graft loss data were inconclusive (RR 7.4, 95% CI 0.4-140). These data suggest that CCB may be preferred as first-line agents for hypertensive kidney transplant recipients.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Mitchell, Paul
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Association of CKD and Cancer Risk in Older People.
%B Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 20
%N 6
%P 1341-1350
%@ 1046-6673
%X People with ESRD are at increased risk for cancer, but it is uncertain when this increased risk begins in the spectrum of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of our study was to determine whether moderate CKD increases the risk for cancer among older people. We linked the Blue Mountains Eye Study, a prospective population-based cohort study of 3654 residents aged 49 to 97 yr, and the New South Wales Cancer Registry. During a mean follow-up of 10.1 yr, 711 (19.5%) cancers occurred in 3654 participants. Men but not women with at least stage 3 CKD had a significantly increased risk for cancer (test of interaction for gender P = 0.004). For men, the excess risk began at an estimated GFR (eGFR) of 55 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00 to 1.92) and increased linearly as GFR declined. For every 10-ml/min decrement in eGFR, the risk for cancer increased by 29% (adjusted HR 1.29; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.53), with the greatest risk at an eGFR <40 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (adjusted HR 3.01; 95% CI 1.72 to 5.27). The risk for lung and urinary tract cancers but not prostate was higher among men with CKD. In conclusion, moderate CKD (stage 3) may be an independent risk factor for the development of cancer among older men but not women, and the effect of CKD on risk may vary for different types of cancer.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111299 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Elder, Grahame J
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Benefits and harms of phosphate binders in CKD: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2009
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 54
%N 4
%P 619-637
%@ 1523-6838
%X BACKGROUND: Phosphate binders are widely used to control serum phosphorus levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We analyzed the effects of phosphate binders on biochemical and patient-level end points in patients with CKD. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis by searching MEDLINE (1966 to April 2009), EMBASE (1980 to April 2009), and the Cochrane Renal Group Specialised Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). SETTING & POPULATION: Patients with CKD. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR STUDIES: Randomized controlled trials. INTERVENTION: Phosphate binders. OUTCOMES: Serum phosphorus, calcium, and parathyroid hormone levels; incidence of hypercalcemia; all-cause mortality; adverse effects. RESULTS: 40 trials (6,406 patients) were included. There was no significant decrease in all-cause mortality (10 randomized controlled trials; 3,079 patients; relative risk [RR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 1.16), hospitalization, or end-of-treatment serum calcium-phosphorus product levels with sevelamer compared with calcium-based agents. There was a significant decrease in end-of-treatment phosphorus and parathyroid hormone levels with calcium salts compared with sevelamer and a significant decrease in risk of hypercalcemia (RR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.62) with sevelamer compared with calcium-based agents. There was a significant increase in risk of gastrointestinal adverse events with sevelamer in comparison to calcium salts (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.87). Compared with calcium-based agents, lanthanum significantly decreased end-of-treatment serum calcium and calcium-phosphorus product levels, but with similar end-of-treatment phosphorus levels. Effects of calcium acetate on biochemical end points were similar to those of calcium carbonate. Existing data are insufficient to conclude for a differential impact of any phosphate binder on cardiovascular mortality or other patient-level outcome. LIMITATIONS: Few long-term studies of the efficacy of phosphate binders on mortality and musculoskeletal morbidity, significant heterogeneity for many surrogate outcomes, and suboptimal reporting of study methods to determine trial quality. CONCLUSION: Currently, there are insufficient data to establish the comparative superiority of non-calcium-binding agents over calcium-containing phosphate binders for such important patient-level outcomes as all-cause mortality and cardiovascular end points. Additional trials are still required to examine the differential effects of phosphate-binding agents on these end points and the mineral homeostasis pathway.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Haysom, Leigh
%A Williams, Rita E
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Lopez-Vargas, Pamela
%A Roy, L Paul
%A Lyle, David M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Cardiovascular risk factors in Australian indigenous and non-indigenous children: a population-based study.
%B Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 45
%N 1-2
%P 20-27
%@ 1440-1754
%X AIM: Indigenous people have a two- to tenfold increased risk of premature death from cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine whether some key risk factors for cardiovascular disease occur more commonly in Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal Australian children. METHODS: Children were enrolled from primary schools throughout New South Wales, the state with the highest number of Aboriginal people. Associations between ethnicity, gender, birthweight, socio-demographic status and hypertension, obesity, baseline and persistent albuminuria were determined. RESULTS: A total of 2266 children (55% Aboriginal) were enrolled. Mean age was 8.9 years (+/-3.8 years). Obesity (body mass index >or=2 standard deviations) was detected in 7.1%, systolic hypertension (blood pressure >90th percentile) in 7.2%, diastolic hypertension in 5.9%, baseline albuminuria (albumin : creatinine >or=3.4 mg/mmol) in 7.3% and persistent albuminuria in 1.5% with no differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Hypertension was less common with increasing social disadvantage (trend P < 0.02). Increasing body mass index standard deviation was strongly associated with systolic and diastolic hypertension (both P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Many risk factors for cardiovascular disease are already common in young children but not more prevalent in Aboriginal than in non-Aboriginal children. In all children, overweight and obesity have the strongest association with hypertension, but social disadvantage appears protective for hypertension. Our findings suggest that risk for cardiovascular health disparities seen in indigenous adults manifests beyond childhood and that a window of opportunity exists to prevent some of these outcomes.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A White, Sarah
%A Salkeld, Glenn
%A McDonald, Stephen
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Cass, Alan
%T Cost-Effectiveness of Screening and Optimal Management for Diabetes, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Modeled Analysis.
%B Value in Health
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 13
%N 2
%P 196-208
%@ 1524-4733
%X Chronic kidney disease is, increasingly, both a contributor to premature deaths and a financial burden to the health system, and is estimated to affect between 10% and 15% of the adult population in Western countries. Hypertension and, in particular diabetes, are significant contributors to the global burden of chronic kidney disease. Although it might increase costs, screening for, and improved management of, persons at increased risk of progressive kidney disease could improve health outcomes. We therefore sought to estimate the costs and health outcomes of alternative strategies to prevent end-stage kidney disease, compared with usual care.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Cross, Nicholas B
%A Webster, Angela C
%A O'Connell, Philip J
%A Jeoffreys, Neisha
%A Dwyer, Dominic E
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Diagnostic accuracy of blood qualitative nucleic acid testing  for polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in kidney recipients.
%B Nephrology
%D 2009
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 14
%N 3
%P 350-356
%@ 1320-5358
%X AIM: Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) is an important cause of graft loss following kidney transplantation and may only be diagnosed with kidney transplant biopsy. Early detection may improve outcomes by enabling early intervention. Serum polyomavirus polymerase chain reaction (PVPCR) has been used to identify patients at risk of PVAN, but prior studies have not assessed all patients with negative PVPCR with transplant biopsy, potentially overestimating test performance. METHODS: We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of qualitative PVPCR for detection of PVAN in a population undergoing protocol biopsies. We included all patients receiving kidney or kidney-pancreas transplants and followed at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia, between May 2002 and March 2007, excluding those with graft loss prior to 1 month post transplant or without PVPCR testing in the first 12 months. We compared PVPCR to contemporaneous transplant biopsies assessed with light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Of the 257 included patients, 246 (96%) underwent biopsy within 30 days of PVPCR. Eight of 36 patients with positive PVPCR had PVAN and one of 210 patients with negative PVPCR had PVAN. The point prevalence of PVAN was therefore 3.7%, with PVPCR sensitivity 89% (95% CI 57% to 99%) and specificity 88%(95% CI 83% to 92%). The negative predictive value is 99.5% (95% CI 97.3% to 100.0%). CONCLUSION: Qualitative PVPCR on serum is a reliable triage test for excluding the presence of PVAN. Screening for PVAN need not include biopsy in patients with negative PVPCR.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Haysom, Leigh
%A Williams, Rita
%A Hodson, Elisabeth
%A Lopez-Vargas, Pamela
%A Roy, L
%A Lyle, David
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detecting albuminuria in indigenous and non-indigenous children in a community setting.
%B Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
%D 2009
%C Germany
%I Springer
%V 24
%N 0
%P 323-31
%@ 0931-041X
%X Albuminuria predicts cardiovascular and end-stage kidney disease in indigenous populations. Early detection in indigenous children may identify those who could benefit from early treatment. Community-based detection of albuminuria needs to be performed using a reliable, inexpensive, and widely available test, such as a proteinuria dipstick. Dipstick accuracy for detecting albuminuria in a community setting has not been evaluated. We assessed the accuracy of Multistix 10 SG dipsticks to detect baseline albuminuria and predict for persistent albuminuria at a 2-year follow-up in a population-based cohort of Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal elementary-school-aged children. Variability in the accuracy of dipsticks in subgroups of higher risk children was analyzed using the relative diagnostic odds ratio (RDOR). Using Multistix 10 SG dipsticks, index-test-positive cases were defined as >/=0.30 g/L (1+) proteinuria and index-test-negative cases as <0.30 g/L (negative or trace) proteinuria. Referent-test-positive cases were defined as spot albumin:creatinine (ACR) >/=3.4 mg/mmol, and referent-test-negative cases as ACR <3.4 mg/mmol. There were 2,266 children (55.1% Aboriginal, 51.0% boys, mean age 8.9 years) enrolled. At the 2-year follow-up, 1,432 (63.0%) children were retested (54.0% Aboriginal, 50.5% boys, mean age 10.5 years). Prevalence of baseline albuminuria was 7.3%, and persistent albuminuria was 1.5%. Dipsticks had a sensitivity of 62% and specificity of 97% at baseline. In predicting persistent albuminuria, sensitivity was 75% and specificity 93%. Accuracy did not vary with ethnicity, gender, or body mass index. Accuracy was less in younger children (4.0-7.9 years), and in those with hematuria. The performance characteristics of Multistix dipsticks make them suitable for albuminuria detection in Aboriginal and other higher-risk groups of children. More than two thirds of children detected at a single test will have transient rather than persistent albuminuria. Multistix dipsticks are particularly useful for detecting children who will have persistent albuminuria.
%Z FOR Codes: 111701


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Orr, Nigel
%A McDonald, Stephen
%A McTaggart, Steven
%A Henning, Paul
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Frequency, etiology and treatment of childhood end-stage kidney disease in Australia and New Zealand.
%B Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
%D 2009
%C Germany
%I Springer
%V 24
%N 9
%P 1719-26
%@ 0931-041X
%X To describe the trends in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in children in Australia and New Zealand over time and across different ages, we analyzed data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA). A total of 1,485 children aged less than 18 years received renal replacement therapy (RRT) during the period from 1963 to 2006, of which children 55.6% were male. The incidence of ESKD increased over the first two decades but has been stable at 8 per million since the mid-1980s. The prevalence of ESKD continues to increase in all age groups, especially among older children, and is currently 50 per million in those aged less than 18 years. The cause of ESKD over the entire cohort was one-third each for glomerulonephritis (32.5%), structural anomalies (hypoplasia/dysplasia, posterior urethral valves or reflux nephropathy, 35.8%), and cystic disease or other conditions (31.7%). Proportionately, glomerulonephritis is becoming less common. Overall, 50% of children were commenced on peritoneal dialysis as the initial RRT modality, 30% were started on hemodialysis, and 20% underwent transplantation pre-emptively. The proportion of children receiving transplants has not increased over time.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Nigwekar, Sagar U
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Johnson, David W
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Strippoli, Giovanni Fm
%T HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for dialysis patients.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 3
%P CD004289
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease accounts for more than half the number of deaths among dialysis patients. The role of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) in the treatment of dyslipidaemia in dialysis patients is unclear and their safety has not been established. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of statins in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and haemodialysis patients (HD). SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials (CENTRAL, in The Cochrane Library), the Cochrane Renal Group''s specialised register and handsearched reference lists of textbooks, articles and scientific proceedings. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing statins with placebo, no treatment or other hypolipidaemic agents in dialysis patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model after testing for heterogeneity. The results were expressed as mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Fourteen studies (2086 patients) compared statins versus placebo or other lipid lowering agents. Compared to placebo, statins did not decrease all-cause mortality (10 studies, 1884 patients; RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.06) or cardiovascular mortality (9 studies, 1839 patients: RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.40). There was a lower incidence of nonfatal cardiovascular events with statins compared to placebo in haemodialysis patients (1 study, 1255 patients; RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.99). Compared with placebo, statin use was associated with a significantly lower end of treatment average total cholesterol (14 studies, 1823 patients; MD -42.61 mg/dL, 95% CI -53.38 to -31.84), LDL cholesterol (13 studies, 1801 patients; MD -43.06 mg/dL, 95% CI -53.78 to -32.35) and triglycerides (14 studies, 1823 patients: MD -24.01 mg/dL, 95% CI -47.29 to -0.72). There was similar occurrence of rhabdomyolysis and elevated liver function tests with statins in comparison to placebo. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Statins decreased cholesterol levels in dialysis patients similar to that of the general population. With the exception of one study, studies were of short duration and therefore the efficacy of statins in decreasing the mortality rate is still unclear. Statins appear to be safe in this high-risk population. Ongoing studies should provide more insight about the efficacy of statins in reducing mortality rates in dialysis patients.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Johnson, David W
%A Nigwekar, Sagar U
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 2
%P CD005019
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular deaths account for the majority of deaths in kidney transplant recipients and dyslipidaemia contributes significantly to their cardiovascular disease. Statins are widely used in kidney transplant patients given their established benefits in the general population, however evidence favouring their use is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of statin therapy on mortality and renal outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and hand searched reference lists of articles and scientific proceedings. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing statins with placebo, no treatment or other statins in kidney transplant recipients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model after testing for heterogeneity. Results were expressed as mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes (lipid parameters) and risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes (mortality, allograft rejection, liver enzymes, occurrence of rhabdomyolysis and study withdrawal) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Sixteen studies (3229 patients) comparing statins versus placebo (15) or another statin (1) were included. Compared to placebo, statins did not decrease all-cause mortality (14 studies: RR 1.30, 95% CI 0.54 to 3.12). Point estimates favoured statins in terms of cardiovascular mortality (13 studies: RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.03) and non-fatal cardiovascular events (1 study: RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.01), however the results were not statistically significant. Compared to placebo, the use of statins was associated with a significantly lower end of treatment average total cholesterol (10 studies: MD -42.33 mg/dL (1.26 mmol/L), 95% CI -53.02 to -31.64), LDL cholesterol (10 studies: MD -46.15 mg/dL (1.19 mmol/L), 95% CI -55.97 to -36.33) and triglycerides (10 studies: MD -25.46 mg/dL (0.26 mmol/L), 95% CI -33.95 to 16.9). There was no significant difference in the risk of acute rejection (5 studies: RR 0.61; 95% C.I.0.32 to 1.16.) No data on chronic rejection was available and no major toxicity was noted. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Statins significantly reduced hyperlipidaemia and tended to reduce cardiovascular events in kidney transplant recipients, but no effect has yet been demonstrated for mortality outcomes. Most of the data was derived from one large long-term study. Considering the significant impact of statins on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general and predialysis populations, more studies are needed in kidney transplant patients.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Pansini, Francesca
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Manno, Carlo
%A Pellegrini, Fabio
%A Johnson, David W
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 2
%P CD007784
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Dyslipidaemia occurs frequently in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and contributes both to cardiovascular disease and worsening renal function. Statins are widely used in non-dialysis dependent CKD patients (pre-dialysis) even though evidence favouring their use is lacking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of statins in CKD patients who were not receiving renal replacement therapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL (in The Cochrane Library), and hand-searched reference lists of textbooks, articles and scientific proceedings. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing statins with placebo, no treatment or other statins in adult pre-dialysis CKD patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Results were expressed as mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes (lipids, creatinine clearance and proteinuria) and risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes (all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, elevated liver enzymes, rhabdomyolysis and withdrawal rates) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Twenty six studies (25,017 participants) comparing statins with placebo were identified. Total cholesterol decreased significantly with statins (18 studies, 1677 patients: MD -41.48 mg/dL, 95% CI -49.97 to -33.99). Similarly, LDL cholesterol decreased significantly with statins (16 studies, 1605 patients: MD -42.38 mg/dL, 95% CI -50.71 to -34.05). Statins decreased both the risk of all-cause (21 RCTs, 18,781 patients, RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.74, 0.89) and cardiovascular deaths (20 studies, 18,746 patients: RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.90). Statins decreased 24-hour urinary protein excretion (6 studies, 311 patients: MD -0.73 g/24 h, 95% CI -0.95 to -0.52), but there was no significant improvement in creatinine clearance - a surrogate marker of renal function (11 studies, 548 patients: MD 1.48 mL/min, 95% CI -2.32 to 5.28).The incidence of rhabdomyolysis, elevated liver enzymes and withdrawal rates due to adverse events (well known complications of statins use), were not significantly different between patients receiving statins and placebo. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Statins significantly reduced the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients who are not receiving renal replacement therapy. They do not impact on the decline in renal function as measured by creatinine clearance, but may reduce protein excretion in urine. Statins appear to be safe in this population. Guidelines recommendations on hyperlipidaemia management in CKD patients could therefore be followed targeting higher proportions of patients receiving a statin, with appropriate monitoring of adverse events.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%A Maione, Ausilia
%A Schena, Francesco P
%A Tognoni, G
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T IgA nephropathy: a disease in search of a large-scale clinical trial to reliably inform practice.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2009
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 53
%N 1
%P 5-8
%@ 1523-6838
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Michael, Mini
%A Elliott, Elizabeth J
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Ridley, Greta
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%T Interventions for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2009
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 53
%N 2
%P 259-72
%@ 1523-6838
%X Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are related conditions with similar clinical features of variable severity. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the benefits and harms of available interventions for HUS and TTP.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Michael, Mini
%A Elliott, Elizabeth J
%A Ridley, Greta F
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Interventions for haemolytic uraemic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 1
%P CD003595
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are related conditions with similar clinical features of variable severity. Survival of patients with HUS and TTP has improved greatly over the past two decades with improved supportive care for patients with HUS and by the use of plasma exchange (PE) with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for patients with TTP. Separate pathogenesis of these two disorders has become more evident, but management overlaps. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of different interventions for HUS and TTP separately, in patients of all ages. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), conference proceedings, reference lists of articles and text books and contact with investigators were used to identify relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating any interventions for HUS or TTP in patients of all ages. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three authors independently extracted data and evaluated study reporting quality using standard Cochrane criteria. Analysis was undertaken using a random effects model and results expressed as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: For TTP, we found six RCTs (331 participants) evaluating PE with FFP as the control. Interventions tested included antiplatelet therapy (APT) plus PE with FFP, FFP transfusion and PE with cryosupernatant plasma (CSP). Two studies compared plasma infusion (PI) to PE with FFP and showed a significant increase in failure of remission at two weeks (RR 1.48, 95% 1.12 to 1.96) and all-cause mortality (RR 1.91, 95% 1.09 to 3.33) in the PI group. Seven RCTs were undertaken in children with HUS. None of the assessed interventions used (FFP transfusion, heparin with or without urokinase or dipyridamole, shiga toxin binding protein and steroids) were superior to supportive therapy alone, for all-cause mortality, neurological/extrarenal events, renal biopsy changes, proteinuria or hypertension at the last follow-up visit. Bleeding was significantly higher in those receiving anticoagulation therapy compared to supportive therapy alone (RR 25.89, 95% CI 3.67 to 182.83). AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: PE with FFP is still the most effective treatment available for TTP. For patients with HUS, supportive therapy including dialysis is still the most effective treatment. All studies in HUS have been conducted in the diarrhoeal form of the disease. There were no RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of any interventions on patients with atypical HUS who have a more chronic and relapsing course.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chartapisak, Wattana
%A Opastirakul, Sauwalak
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Willis, Narelle S
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Interventions for preventing and treating kidney disease in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP).
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 3
%P CD005128
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits and harms of therapies used to prevent or treat kidney disease in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of different agents (used singularly or in combination) compared with placebo or no treatment or another agent for the prevention or treatment of kidney disease in patients with HSP. SEARCH STRATEGY: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs were identified from the Cochrane Renal Group''s specialised register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE using optimally sensitive search strategies combined with search terms for HSP. SELECTION CRITERIA: RCTs comparing any intervention used to prevent or treat kidney disease in HSP compared with placebo, no treatment or other agents were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data from each study. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and the results were expressed as risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Ten studies (1230 children) were identified. There was no significant difference in the risk of persistent kidney disease at six months (3 studies, 379 children: RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.11) and 12 months (3 studies, 498 children: RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.40 to 2.62) in children given prednisone for 14 to 28 days at presentation of HSP compared with placebo or supportive treatment. In children with severe kidney disease, there was no significant difference in the risk of persistent kidney disease with cyclophosphamide compared with supportive treatment (1 study, 56 children: RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.78) and with cyclosporin compared with methylprednisolone (1 study, 19 children: RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.06). AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Data from RCTs for any intervention used in improve kidney outcomes in children with HSP are very sparse except for short-term prednisone. There was no evidence of benefit of prednisone in preventing serious long-term kidney disease in HSP.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Walters, Giles
%A Willis, Narelle S
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Update Software Ltd
%V 
%N 3
%P CD003232
%@ 1469-493X
%X Renal vasculitis presents as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) which comprises of a group of conditions characterised by acute kidney failure (AKF), haematuria and proteinuria. Treatment of these conditions comprises steroid and non-steroid agents in combination with plasma exchange in several situations. Although immunosuppression overall has been very successful in treatment of these conditions, many questions remain unanswered in terms of dose and duration of therapy and the use of plasma exchange.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Book Section
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Introduction
%B Evidence-based Nephrology
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell
%V 
%N 
%P xvii-xx
%@ 9781405139755
%E Molony, D
%E Craig, Jonathan
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A White, Sarah L
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Cass, Alan
%A Chang, Choon Lan
%A Poulter, Neil R
%A Spector, Tim
%A Haysom, Leigh
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Salmi, Isa Al
%A Chadban, Steven J
%A Huxley, Rachel R
%T Is Low Birth Weight an Antecedent of CKD in Later Life? A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2009
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 54
%N 2
%P 248-61
%@ 0272-6386
%X There has been considerable interest in the hypothesis that low birth weight may be a marker of impaired nephrogenesis and that this is causally related to chronic kidney disease (CKD).
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111401


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gallagher, Martin
%A Langham, Robyn
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Walker, Rowan
%T KDIGO hepatitis C guideline: implications for regional guideline development and implementation.
%B Nephrology
%D 2009
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 14
%N 3
%P 281-282
%@ 1440-1797
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Book Section
%A Hodson, Elisabeth
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Willis, Narelle
%T Management of Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome
%B Evidence-Based Nephrology
%D 2009
%C United States
%I BMJ Books
%V 
%N 
%P 774-786
%@ 978-1-4051-3975-5
%E Molony, Donald A.
%E Craig, Jonathan
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gunasekera, Hasantha
%A Morris, Peter S
%A McIntyre, Peter
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Management of children with otitis media: a summary of evidence from recent systematic reviews.
%B Journal of paediatrics and child health
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom, Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 45
%N 10
%P 554-562
%@ 1034-4810
%X Health-care professionals who manage children are regularly confronted with clinical questions regarding the management of the full spectrum of otitis media: acute otitis media; otitis media with effusion; and chronic suppurative otitis media. Given the variety of potential therapies available, the wide spectrum of middle ear disorders, and the lack of consensus about management strategies, clinicians are in a difficult position when managing these children. In this review, we seek to summarise the current best evidence for answering otitis media management questions by collating existing systematic reviews.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gunasekera, Hasantha
%A Morris, Peter S
%A Daniels, John
%A Couzos, Sophie
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Management of children with otitis media: a survey of Australian Aboriginal Medical Service practitioners.
%B Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom, Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 45
%N 7-8
%P 457-463
%@ 1034-4810
%X AIM: To determine whether Australian Aboriginal Medical Service (AMS) practitioners treat otitis media (OM) more aggressively in Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children and the factors influencing their management decisions. METHODS: A case vignette questionnaire was sent to all AMS practitioners working in December 2006. We compared responses based on the child''s Aboriginal status using chi(2) analysis. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned from 63/87 (72%) of the AMSs by 131/238 (55%) eligible practitioners. Few practitioners (13%) reported using tympanometry or pneumatic otoscopy (9%) when examining children''s ears. Practitioners were more likely to treat acute OM with antibiotics (92% vs. 49%, P < 0.01) and to treat with courses longer than 7 days (25% vs. 14%, P= 0.03) in Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal children. Most practitioners (60%) used oral antibiotics to treat chronic suppurative OM and OM with effusion in Aboriginal children (58%). Factors increasing the likelihood of antibiotic use included: the child being Aboriginal (67%), wet perforations (62%) and bulging eardrums (59%). No AMS or practitioner characteristics were significant predictors. Most practitioners (99%) were aware of Therapeutic Guidelines (Antibiotic). Only half (54%) were aware of the Australian Government guidelines for managing OM in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations and only 22% used them ''often'' or ''always''. CONCLUSIONS: Australian AMS practitioners treat OM more aggressively in Aboriginal children, consistent with the Australian Government guidelines, despite half being unaware of them. Opportunities to improve management include increased use of pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometry, and decreased antibiotic usage for OM with effusion and chronic suppurative OM.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Masson, Philip
%A Matheson, Sandra
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Meta-analyses in prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections.
%B Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
%D 2009
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 23
%N 2
%P 355-385
%@ 1557-9824
%X Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common, and complications result in significant morbidity and mortality and also consume resources. This overview summarizes the current evidence for the prevention and treatment of UTI in adults and children from meta-analyses. The quality and applicability of this evidence in clinical practice for different patient groups is discussed. Suggestions are made for future research, because it is apparent that there are evidence gaps for particular subgroups of people.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Bell, Katy J L
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Neal, Bruce C
%A Irwig, Les
%T Mixed models showed no need for initial response monitoring after starting antihypertensive therapy.
%B Journal of clinical epidemiology
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Elsevier
%V 62
%N 0
%P 650-9
%@ 0895-4356
%X To demonstrate how mixed models may be used to estimate treatment effects, and inform decisions on the need for monitoring initial response.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 110201


%0 Book
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Howell, Martin
%A Twigg, Stephen
%A Thomas, Mark
%A Jerums, George
%A Cass, Alan
%A Campbell, Dianne
%A Nicholls, Kathy
%A Tong, Allison
%A Mangos, George
%A Stack, Annabelle
%A McIsaac, Richard
%A Girgis, Seham
%A Colagiuri, Ruth
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T National Evidence Based Guideline
for Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
in Type 2 Diabetes
%B 
%D 2009
%C Australia
%I Diabetes Australia and the NHMRC
%V 
%N 
%P 
%@ 9780980699739
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110306 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Haysom, Leigh
%A Williams, Rita
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Lopez-Vargas, Pamela A
%A Roy, Leslie P
%A Lyle, David M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Natural history of chronic kidney disease in Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous children: a 4-year population-based follow-up study.
%B The Medical Journal of Australia
%D 2009
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd
%V 190
%N 6
%P 303-306
%@ 1326-5377
%X OBJECTIVE: To describe the natural history and risk of early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Indigenous Australian populations. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective cohort of 2266 Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children enrolled from primary schools throughout New South Wales from February 2002 to June 2004 and followed for 4 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Urinalysis, height, weight, blood pressure, birthweight and sociodemographic status at baseline and 2- and 4-year follow-up; CKD risk factors: haematuria, albuminuria, obesity, and systolic and diastolic hypertension. RESULTS: 2266 children (55% Aboriginal; 51% male; mean age, 8.9 years [SD, 2.0 years]) were enrolled at baseline. 1432 children (63%) were retested at 2-year follow-up, and 1506 children (67%) at 4-year follow-up. Prevalence of baseline CKD risk factors was frequent (2%-7%), but most abnormalities were transient. Besides persistent obesity (5.0%), persistence of CKD risk factors at final follow-up was low: haematuria (1.9%), albuminuria (2.4%), systolic hypertension (1.5%) and diastolic hypertension (0.2%). There was no difference in prevalence of persistent CKD risk factors between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. CONCLUSIONS: Over 4 years of follow-up, Indigenous Australian children had no increased risk for early evidence of CKD. More than 70% of baseline risk factors were transient, and persistent risk factors were uncommon. Our findings suggest the increased risk for end-stage kidney disease seen in Indigenous adults is not yet manifest in these schoolchildren, and may be potentially preventable.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Irving, Michelle J
%A Johnson, David W
%A McDonald, Stephen
%A Walker, Rowan G
%A Frommer, Michael S
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Opinions on the content and effects of clinical practice guidelines for CKD: a survey of nephrologists in Australia and New Zealand.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2009
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 53
%N 6
%P 1082-1090
%@ 1523-6838
%X Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines have been a major development in nephrology internationally, but it is uncertain how the nephrology community regards these guidelines. This study aimed to determine the views of nephrologists on the content and effects of their local guidelines (Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment [CARI]). In 2006, a self-administered survey was distributed to all Australian and New Zealand nephrologists. Seven questions were repeated from a similar survey in 2002. A total of 211 nephrologists (70% of practicing nephrologists) responded. More than 90% agreed that the CARI guidelines were a useful summary of evidence, and nearly 60% reported that the guidelines had significantly influenced their practice. The proportion of nephrologists reporting that the guidelines had improved patient outcomes increased from 14% in 2002 to 38% in 2006. The proportion of nephrologists indicating that the guidelines did not match the best available evidence decreased from 30% in 2002 to 8% in 2006. Older age and male sex showed some associations with a less favorable response for some domains. The CARI approach of rigorous evidence-based guidelines has been shown to be a successful model of guideline production. Almost all nephrologists regarded the CARI guidelines as useful evidence summaries, although only one-third believed that the guidelines affected health outcomes. Attitudes to the guidelines have become more favorable over time; this may reflect changes in the CARI process or attitudinal changes to evidence among nephrologists. Evaluation by the end user is fundamental to ensuring the applicability of guidelines in clinical practice in the future.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gunasekera, Hasantha
%A Morris, Peter S
%A Daniels, John
%A Couzos, Sophie
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Otitis media in Aboriginal children: the discordance between burden of illness and access to services in rural/remote and urban Australia.
%B Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom, Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 45
%N 7-8
%P 425-430
%@ 1034-4810
%X OBJECTIVE: To compare the burden of otitis media (OM) managed by Aboriginal Medical Service (AMS) practitioners and the availability of specialist ear health services in rural/remote versus urban Australian settings. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We mailed questionnaires to all Australian AMS medical practitioners managing children in December 2006. Questions addressed the frequency of childhood OM cases seen, and the availability and waiting times for audiology; ear, nose and throat (ENT); and hearing-aid services. We compared rural/remote and urban practitioner''s responses using the c2 test with clustering adjustments. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned by 63/87 (72%) AMSs and by 131/238 (55%) eligible practitioners. Rural/Remote practitioners reported managing a greater number of children with OM per week than urban practitioners (1 df, P = 0.02) and a larger proportion of the children they managed having OM (1 df, P = 0.009). More rural/remote than urban practitioners reported relevant services were not available locally: audiology (11.1 vs. 0%, P = 0.038), ENT (33.3 vs. 3.9%, P = 0.0004) and hearing-aid provision (37.7 vs. 1.9%, P < 0.0001). More rural/remote practitioners reported audiology waiting times longer than the recommended 3 months (18.3 vs. 1.9%, P = 0.007). Equal proportions reported ENT waiting times longer than the recommended 6 months (13.9 vs. 11.3%, P = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Rural/Remote AMS practitioners manage a greater OM burden than urban AMS practitioners, but affected children have less access to specialist ear health services and longer waiting times. One in five rural/remote Aboriginal children wait longer than recommended for audiology testing, and one in eight Aboriginal children nationwide wait longer than recommended for ENT services.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Sainsbury, Peter
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Walker, Rowan G
%A Harris, David C
%A Carter, Stacy M
%A Hall, Bronwyn
%A Hawley, Carmel
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Patients' experiences and perspectives of living with CKD.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2009
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 53
%N 4
%P 689-700
%@ 0272-6386
%X Explicit incorporation of patients'' values and preferences is important in health care decision making. However, there are few data about this topic for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted 9 focus groups (3 each for CKD stages 1 to 5, CKD stage 5D, and CKD stages 1 to 5T). Five major themes were identified: (1) personal meaning of CKD, (2) managing and monitoring health, (3) lifestyle consequences, (4) family impact, and (5) informal support structures. Patients had to adjust to the disruptive and permanent implications of the illness on their physical health, identity, emotions, family, lifestyle, relationships, and employment. The overwhelming fatigue, complex treatment regimens, side effects, and liquid and diet restrictions constrained patients'' lives. Patients appreciated specialist care, but described the health care system as nonintegrated and believed they received insufficient information and psychosocial support. Choice of treatments was based on lifestyle, family impact, and physical comfort, seldom on clinical outcomes. Time was needed to comprehend the diagnosis, cope with uncertainty, integrate their treatment regimen into their daily routine, and reestablish a sense of normality in their lives. Rather than focusing on clinical targets, greater attention may need to be given to providing information and psychosocial and practical support at a patient-level not organ-specific level, to maximize patient quality of life.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Book Section
%A Strippoli, Giovanni
%A Wiggins, Kathryn J.
%A Johnson, David W.
%A Navaneethan, Sankar
%A Cancarini, Giovanni
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Prevention and Treatment of Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Infections
%B Evidence-Based Nephrology
%D 2009
%C United States
%I BMJ Books
%V 
%N 
%P 509-532
%@ 978-1-4051-3975-5
%E Molony, Donald A.
%E Craig, Jonathan
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chartapisak, W
%A Opastiraku, S
%A Willis, N S
%A Craig, J C
%A Hodson, E M
%T Prevention and treatment of renal disease in Henoch-Sch??nlein purpura: a systematic review.
%B Archives of Disease in Childhood
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 94
%N 2
%P 132-137
%@ 1468-2044
%X OBJECTIVE: To determine the benefits and harms of therapies used to prevent or treat renal involvement in Henoch-Sch??nlein purpura. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. SETTING: Secondary and tertiary paediatric and paediatric nephrology services. SUBJECTS: Ten trials involving 1230 children aged less than 18 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Persistent proteinuria and/or haematuria. RESULTS: Meta-analyses of four trials showed no significant difference in the risk of persistent kidney disease at 6 months (379 children; relative risk (RR) 0.51, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.11) and 12 months (498 children; RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.40 to 2.62) in children given prednisone for 14-28 days at presentation of Henoch-Sch??nlein purpura compared with placebo or supportive treatment. In children with severe renal disease, there was no significant difference in the risk of persistent renal disease with cyclophosphamide compared with supportive treatment (one trial; 56 children; RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.78) and with cyclosporin compared with methylprednisolone (one trial; 19 children; RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.14 to 1.06). CONCLUSIONS: Data from randomised trials for any intervention used to improve renal outcomes in children with Henoch-Sch??nlein purpura are very sparse except for short-term prednisone, which has not been shown to be effective.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Gabrielle
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children.
%B Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 22
%N 1
%P 72-76
%@ 0951-7375
%X PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is common (5-10%) and recurs in 10-30%. UTI causes an unpleasant, usually febrile illness in children. This review focuses on studies evaluating interventions to prevent UTI in children and published between January 2007 and June 2008. RECENT FINDINGS: Three relevant updated Cochrane reviews, six randomized trials and an evidence-based guideline were published in the study period. Five of the six trials and one of the three Cochrane updates included data on the effects of relevant interventions in children. Three of the six trials investigated the efficacy of long-term, low-dose antibiotics as prophylaxis, and the other trials and both Cochrane updates evaluated complementary therapies such as vitamin A, probiotics and herbal supplements. SUMMARY: The benefit of prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of recurrent UTI in children remains unclear because of underpowered and suboptimally designed trials, but these studies suggest that any benefit is likely to be small, and clinical significance may be limited. The trials of complementary interventions (vitamin A, probiotics, cranberry, nasturtium and horseradish) generally gave favourable results but were not conclusive. Children and families who use these products should be aware that further infections are possible despite their use.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403 110312 110499


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ninomiya, Toshiharu
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Verdon, Christine
%A Barzi, Federica
%A Cass, Alan
%A Gallagher, Martin
%A Jardine, Meg
%A Anderson, Craig
%A Chalmers, John
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Huxley, Rachel
%T Proteinuria and Stroke: A Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2009
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 53
%N 3
%P 417-25
%@ 1523-6838
%X The associations between decreased kidney function and cardiovascular disease recently have been established. However, there is uncertainty about the consistency between the independent associations of proteinuria as a risk factor across all cardiovascular end points. We undertook a meta-analysis of published cohort studies to provide a reliable estimate of the strength of association between proteinuria and risk of stroke.
%Z FOR Codes: 110201 111599 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Reported cancer screening practices of nephrologists: results from a national survey.
%B Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 24
%N 7
%P 2136-43
%@ 0931-0509
%X Cancer is becoming increasingly recognized as a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and screening is a widely used strategy to reduce cancer risk and improve outcomes. This study aimed to describe cancer screening practices by nephrologists in Australia and New Zealand, and to identify reasons for a positive recommendation to screen.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Sureshkumar, Premala
%A Jones, Mike
%A Caldwell, Patrina H Y
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Risk factors for nocturnal enuresis in school-age children.
%B The Journal of Urology
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Elsevier Inc.
%V 182
%N 6
%P 2893-2899
%@ 0022-5347
%X PURPOSE: Although nocturnal enuresis is common in children, its etiology is multifactorial and not fully understood. We evaluated potential risk factors for presence and severity of nocturnal enuresis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A validated, reproducible questionnaire was distributed to 8,230 school children in Sydney, Australia. Nocturnal enuresis was defined as any wetting in the previous month and categorized as mild (1 to 6 nights), moderate (7 or more nights but less than nightly) or severe (nightly). RESULTS: Parents of 2,856 children (mean +/- SD age 7.3 +/- 1.3 years) completed the questionnaire (response rate 35%). Overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 18.2%, with 12.3% of patients having mild, 2.5% moderate and 3.6% severe enuresis. Multivariate analysis showed that daytime incontinence (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.9 to 7.9), encopresis (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.6 to 4.4), bladder dysfunction (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.4 to 5.3) and male gender (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.1) were associated with severe nocturnal enuresis after adjustment for age. Emotional stressors (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.2) and social concerns (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.5) were associated with moderate nocturnal enuresis only. CONCLUSIONS: Encopresis and daytime incontinence are significant modifiable risk factors for nocturnal enuresis. Expressed as population attributable risk, 23% of nocturnal enuresis is associated with encopresis and daytime incontinence. Psychosocial factors appear to contribute to moderate but not severe nocturnal enuresis.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Sureshkumar, Premala
%A Jones, Mike
%A Cumming, Robert G
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Risk factors for urinary tract infection in children: a population-based study of 2856 children.
%B Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 45
%N 3
%P 87-97
%@ 1440-1754
%X AIM: To identify risk factors for urinary tract infection (UTI) in children to inform the development of preventative strategies. METHOD: A validated questionnaire covering demographic factors, perinatal, developmental, bowel and urinary history was sent to a cross-sectional sample of parents of elementary school children randomly selected from the first 4 years of school. UTI was ascertained by parental report, verified by cross-referencing with microbiological reports for all positive cases and 50 randomly selected negative cases. RESULTS: Parents of 2856 children (mean age 7.3 years, range 4.8-12.8 years) responded. A total of 3.6% of children had a bacteriologically verified UTI, compared with 12.6% by parental report alone. Multivariate polychotomous logistic regression showed that a history of structural kidney abnormalities (odds ratio (OR) 15.7, 95% confidence interval 8.1-30.4), daytime incontinence (OR 2.6, 1.6-4.5), female gender (OR 2.4, 1.5-3.8), and encopresis (OR 1.9, 1.1-3.4) were independently associated with UTI. Daytime incontinence increased risk more in boys (8.3% vs. 1.2%) than girls (8.1% vs. 4.6%), and kidney problems increased risk in older compared with younger children (29% vs. 2% in > or =8 year olds, 0% vs. 4% in 4-6 year olds). CONCLUSIONS: Parents over-report UTI by about threefold. Effective treatment of daytime urinary incontinence and encopresis may prevent UTI in children, especially boys.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Sunset for statins after AURORA?
%B The New England journal of medicine
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Massachusetts Medical Society
%V 360
%N 14
%P 1455-1457
%@ 1533-4406
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Taking aim at targets.
%B Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom, Belg
%I Oxford University Press
%V 24
%N 5
%P 1358-1361
%@ 1460-2385
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Sinha, Yashwant
%A Brien, Jo-Anne E
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and implications for paediatric prescribing.
%B Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 45
%N 6
%P 351-357
%@ 1440-1754
%X Aims: To evaluate the impact of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) decisions on access to medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) for children. Methods: We analysed all public summary documents from PBAC meetings from July 2005 to November 2006 and compared these with the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) recommendations for children for the same medicine. Main outcome measures stratified by age, the total number of medicines for specific indications (accepted and rejected) by therapeutic class; estimated cost to the PBS per annum for each medicine recommended for listing; comparison of TGA-approved product information and PBS listing for recommended medicines. Results: Of the 102 medicines for specific indications considered by the PBAC, 7% (7/102) of submissions were for new paediatric indications. Most submissions (60%, 61/102) did not specify age for the PBS recommendation and were for conditions which only affect adults. Listings which specifically included children were more likely to have a positive PBAC recommendation. Of the six recommended medicines for children, four were estimated to cost between $10-30 million per year. There was fair concordance between PBS- and TGA-approved product information for age (kappa 0.21) but in 46%, PBAC recommendations were for age-unrestricted listing compared with adults-only use in the TGA-approved product information. Conclusion: Access to new subsidised medicines for children in Australia lags behind adults because most applications to the PBAC for new medicines are for conditions which only affect adults. PBS processes facilitate access for children to new medicines by avoiding age restrictions.
%Z FOR Codes: 1114


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Morton, Rachael
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Thompson, John
%T The Role of Surveillance Chest X-Rays in the Follow-Up of High-Risk Melanoma Patients.
%B Annals of surgical oncology
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Springer
%V 16
%N 3
%P 571-7
%@ 1534-4681
%X We sought to evaluate the accuracy of detecting asymptomatic pulmonary metastases by surveillance chest X-rays (CXRs) in melanoma patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy. Sentinel node-positive patients treated at the Sydney Melanoma Unit between 1994 and 2003 were prospectively enrolled onto a monitoring schedule of 6 monthly CXRs for 5 years, then annual CXRs for another 5 years. The reference standard for pulmonary metastasis was a positive histopathology diagnosis from a lung biopsy. A total of 108 patients were followed for a median of 52.5 months. A total of 21% (23 of 108) developed pulmonary metastases, which were detected in 48% (11 of 23) by surveillance CXR (sensitivity, 48%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], .27-.68), leading to resection in 13% (3 of 23). CXRs were abnormal in 19 additional patients but not due to recurrence (specificity, 78%; 95% CI, .77-.79). Additional metastatic disease was apparent in 18% of CXR-detected versus 76% of non-CXR-detected patients (p< .05), but median time to diagnosis of pulmonary metastases was 24 months (95% CI, 12-41) versus 16 months (95% CI, 10-30, p= .30 log rank) and median survival of 42 months (95% CI, 24-84) versus 36 months (95% CI, 18-46, p= .53 log rank) were not significantly different. The 6 to 12 monthly surveillance CXRs detected only half of pulmonary metastases, infrequently identified patients for potentially curative surgery, and did not lead to earlier detection of pulmonary metastases. Further, they may cause unnecessary patient anxiety, given the high rate of false-positive findings.
%Z FOR Codes: 1112 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Webster, Angela C
%A McDonald, Stephen P
%T The case of azathioprine versus mycophenolate. Do different drugs really cause different transplant outcomes?
%B Transplantation
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 87
%N 6
%P 803-804
%@ 0041-1337
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Salkeld, Glenn
%A White, Sarah
%A McDonald, Stephen
%A Chadban, Steve
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Cass, Alan
%T The cost-effectiveness of increasing kidney transplantation and home-based dialysis.
%B Nephrology
%D 2009
%C Australia
%I Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 14
%N 1
%P 123-132
%@ 1320-5358
%X Renal replacement therapy (RRT) consumes sizable proportions of health budgets internationally, but there is considerable variability in choice of RRT modality among and within countries with major implications for health outcomes and costs. We aimed to quantify these implications for increasing kidney transplantation and improving the rate of home-based dialysis.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Morton, Rachael L
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Webster, Angela C
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T The cost-effectiveness of induction immunosuppression in kidney transplantation.
%B Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 24
%N 7
%P 2258-2269
%@ 0931-0509
%X BACKGROUND: Induction immunosuppression is perceived as an expensive therapy, so is often given only to select patients. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of antibody induction comparing interleukin-2 receptor antagonists (IL2Ra) to standard therapy with no induction or induction with polyclonal antibodies. METHODS: A Markov model was developed to estimate costs and health outcomes [survival (life years saved, LYS) and quality-adjusted survival (QALYs)] for the alternative strategies. Outcome data were obtained from a meta-analysis of randomized trials and large-scale renal registries. RESULTS: IL2Ra offers improved survival of 0.21 LYS (2.5 months) and 1.42 QALYs compared with no induction, with a cost saving over 20 years of $79,302 per patient treated regardless of risk profile. The incremental benefits of IL2Ra compared with polyclonal antibody induction therapy were 0.35 LYS (4.3 months) and 0.20 QALYs, with an incremental cost of $5144 per patient. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of IL2Ra compared to polyclonal induction was $14,803 per LYS and $25,928 per QALY. Sensitivity analyses showed that IL2Ra remained more effective and less expensive than no induction. When IL2Ra was compared to polyclonal induction, the model was sensitive to changes in the cost of induction and the probability of malignancy. Over the range of all other variables tested, IL2Ra was cost-effective compared to polyclonal induction. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting IL2Ra as induction immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients improves survival and QALYs and is less costly than no induction. It also represents good value for money compared to polyclonal induction.
%Z FOR Codes: 140208 110399


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Webster, Angela
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T The health and economic impact of cervical cancer screening and human papillomavirus vaccination in kidney transplant recipients.
%B Transplantation
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 87
%N 7
%P 1078-1091
%@ 0041-1337
%X BACKGROUND: The risk of cervical cancer in women who are kidney transplant recipients is increased, but little is known about the effectiveness of screening and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in this group of women. We sought to determine the cost effectiveness of annual screening for cervical cancers using conventional cytology, liquid-based cytology (LBC), and pretransplant HPV vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: Three deterministic Markov models were developed to compare the costs and health outcomes in a cohort of women (n=1000) with kidney transplants aged 18 to 69 who underwent annual screening using conventional cytology, LBC, and HPV vaccination in HPV naïve women. RESULTS: After a screening period of 50 years, the incremental benefits of screening using conventional cytology compared with no screening were 0.05 life years saved (LYS) (18.2 days of lives saved), the incremental costs were $608, giving an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $12,160 per LYS. Compared with conventional cytology alone, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of annual screening using LBC and HPV vaccination before transplantation (assuming nonwaning efficacy) were $127,000 and $152,333 per LYS, respectively. CONCLUSION: The recommended policy of annual screening using conventional cytology is cost effective. The replacement of conventional cytology with LBC is likely to provide minimal survival benefits but considerable costs. Assuming the reported trial-based vaccine efficacy in HPV naïve women, a program of HPV vaccination before kidney transplantation is unlikely to be cost effective. Additional data about the long-term efficacy and safety of HPV vaccination is required before it should be included as standard care of renal transplant recipients.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 110312 140208


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Kalish, Larry H
%A Arendts, Glenn
%A Sacks, Raymond
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Topical steroids in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
%B Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Mosby, Inc.
%V 141
%N 6
%P 674-683
%@ 1097-6817
%X OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether topical steroids provide symptomatic relief in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without polyps. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases. REVIEW METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of the articles identified by two independent reviewers of all randomized controlled trials that had evaluated intranasal corticosteroids in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) without polyps. The quality of included studies was evaluated, and results synthesized using standard random-effects meta-analytical methods. RESULTS: Of 424 potential studies, only nine randomized trials involving 657 patients in total were eligible. Quality of design and reporting was suboptimal, with only one trial adhering to accepted standards for reporting. Five trials combined outcome measures and reported on overall response of CRS without polyps to topical steroids. The summary estimate for overall response to treatment showed no significant benefit and substantial variability among studies (5 trials: RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.50-1.10, P = 0.14, chi(2) = 13.78, I(2) = 66.2%). Total symptom score was reported in three trials with a standardized mean difference favoring topical steroids (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.16-1.09, P = 0.009), with no evidence of heterogeneity (chi(2) = 3.03, P = 0.22). Although the data were limited, there were no reports of increased adverse effects with topical steroids. CONCLUSION: There is insufficient evidence to demonstrate a clear overall benefit for topical steroids in CRS without polyps; however, their use appears safe and may show some symptomatic benefit. A class effect among different topical steroids cannot be assumed, and further trials are required.
%Z FOR Codes: 110315


%0 Journal Article
%A Caldwell, Patrina
%A Edgar, D
%A Jones, M P
%A Hudson, E
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Treatment of enuresis: effectiveness of alarm monotherapy versus combination treatment in a multidisciplinary clinic
%B Australian and New Zealand Continence Journal
%D 2009
%C Australia
%I Cambridge
%V 13
%N 
%P 61-67
%@ 1448-0131
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110307


%0 Book Section
%A Williams, Gabrielle
%A Sureshkumar, Premala
%A Caldwell, Patrina
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Urinary Tract Infection, Vesicoureteric Reflux, and Urinary Incontinence
%B Evidence-Based Nephrology
%D 2009
%C United States
%I BMJ Books
%V 
%N 
%P 746-762
%@ 978-1-4051-3975-5
%E Molony, Donald A.
%E Craig, Jonathan
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tang, Benjamin M P
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Eslick, Guy D
%A Seppelt, Ian
%A McLean, Anthony S
%T Use of corticosteroids in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
%B Critical Care Medicine
%D 2009
%C 530 Walnut St, Philadelphia, Pa, 19106-3621
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 37
%N 5
%P 1594-1603
%@ 0090-3493
%X OBJECTIVE: Controversy remains as to whether low-dose corticosteroids can reduce the mortality and morbidity of acute lung injury (ALI) or the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) without increasing the risk of adverse reactions. We aimed to evaluate all studies investigating prolonged corticosteroids in low-to-moderate dose in ALI or ARDS. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Current Content, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and bibliographies of retrieved articles. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies reported in any language that used 0.5-2.5 mg.kg.d of methylprednisolone or equivalent to treat ALI/ARDS. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and included study design, patient characteristics, interventions, and mortality and morbidity outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: Both cohort studies (five studies, n = 307) and RCTs (four trials, n = 341) showed a similar trend toward mortality reduction (RCTs relative risk 0.51, 95% CI 0.24-1.09; p = 0.08; cohort studies relative risk 0.66, 95% CI 0.43-1.02; p = 0.06). The overall relative risk was 0.62 (95% CI 0.43-0.91; p = 0.01). There was also improvement in length of ventilation-free days, length of intensive care unit stay, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Score, Lung Injury Scores, and improvement in Pao2/Fio2. There was no increase in infection, neuromyopathy, or any major complications. There was significant heterogeneity in the pooled studies. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that heterogeneity had minimal effect on treatment efficacy; however, these findings were limited by the small number of studies used in the analyses. CONCLUSION: The use of low-dose corticosteroids was associated with improved mortality and morbidity outcomes without increased adverse reactions. The consistency of results in both study designs and all outcomes suggests that they are an effective treatment for ALI or ARDS. The mortality benefits in early ARDS should be confirmed by an adequately powered randomized trial.
%Z FOR Codes: 110310 110399


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Bell, Katy J L
%A Hayen, Andrew
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Irwig, Les
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Ensrud, Kristine
%A Bauer, Douglas C
%T Value of routine monitoring of bone mineral density after starting bisphosphonate treatment: secondary analysis of trial data.
%B BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 338
%N 
%P b2266
%@ 1468-5833
%X OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of monitoring response to bisphosphonate treatment by means of measuring bone mineral density. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of trial data using mixed models. Data source The Fracture Intervention Trial, a randomised controlled trial that compared the effects of alendronate and placebo in 6459 postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density recruited between May 1992 and May 1993. Bone density measurements of hip and spine were obtained at baseline and at one, two, and three years after randomisation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Between-person (treatment related) variation and within-person (measurement related) variation in hip and spine bone mineral density. RESULTS: The mean effect of three years'' treatment with alendronate was to increase hip bone mineral density by 0.030 g/cm(2). There was some between-person variation in the effects of alendronate, but this was small in size compared with within-person variation. Alendronate treatment is estimated to result in increases in hip bone density >or=0.019 g/cm(2) in 97.5% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in the first three years after starting treatment with a potent bisphosphonate is unnecessary and may be misleading. Routine monitoring should be avoided in this early period after bisphosphonate treatment is commenced.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ Isi
%A Palmer, S. C.
%A McGregor, D. O.
%A Craig, J. C.
%A Elder, G.
%A Macaskill, P.
%A Strippoli, G. F. M.
%T Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd
%V 0
%N 4
%P 86
%@ 1469-493X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ Isi
%A Palmer, S. C.
%A McGregor, D. O.
%A Craig, J. C.
%A Elder, G.
%A Macaskill, P.
%A Strippoli, G. F. M.
%T Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd
%V 0
%N 4
%P 168
%@ 1469-493X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Chapman, Simon
%A Sainsbury, Peter
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T An Analysis of Media Coverage on the Prevention and Early Detection of CKD in Australia.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2008
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 52
%N 1
%P 159-70
%@ 0272-6386
%X News media raise public awareness about health and can influence public policy agenda. Recently, nephrologists have sought to make prevention and early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) a health care priority. We assessed the extent and manner in which Australian television news and newspapers cover CKD prevention or early detection. Electronic news databases for print media and television programs were searched (May 2005 to March 2007) for items referring to CKD prevention or early detection. We analyzed all relevant items for spokespeople, main news frame, focus of responsibility, proposed solutions, and trigger/reason for publication. Of 2,439 newspaper articles and 10,430 television broadcasts retrieved, only 214 articles (8.77%) and 7 broadcasts (0.06%) were eligible. Kidney transplantation dominated CKD-related news. Lay person or high-profile advocates were virtually absent. Risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality conferred by CKD were not emphasized by news reports; instead, CKD received peripheral mention as a secondary consequence of diabetes or obesity. Few reports cited the economic consequences of CKD. The media focused on lifestyle causes and solutions, whereas nonlifestyle causes and screening and prevention strategies were rarely mentioned. Kidney health professionals need to actively engage with the media in efforts to amplify desired messages on CKD prevention or early detection. Medical journals, research institutions, universities, hospitals, and advocacy groups should issue press releases that highlight newsworthy aspects of this topic. Extending news media coverage can help exert an influence on health policies and agenda setting and increase public awareness to improve prevention and early detection of CKD.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, E M
%A Craig, J C
%A Strippoli, G F M
%A Webster, A C
%T Antiviral medications for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2008
%C UK
%I Update Software
%V 0
%N 2
%P CD003774
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: The risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in solid organ transplant recipients has resulted in the frequent use of prophylaxis with the aim of preventing the clinical syndrome associated with CMV infection. OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefits and harms of antiviral medications to prevent CMV disease and all-cause mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists and abstracts from conference proceedings without language restriction.Date of last search: February 2007 SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing antiviral medications with placebo or no treatment, comparing different antiviral medications and comparing different regimens of the same antiviral medications in recipients of any solid organ transplant. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and results expressed as relative risk (RR) for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression were performed using restricted maximum-likelihood to estimate the between study variance. Multivariate meta-regression was performed to investigate whether the results were altered after allowing for differences in drugs used, organ transplanted and recipient CMV serostatus at the time of transplantation. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty four studies (3850 participants) were identified. Prophylaxis with aciclovir, ganciclovir or valaciclovir compared with placebo or no treatment significantly reduced the risk for CMV disease (19 studies; RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.52), CMV infection (17 studies; RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.77), and all-cause mortality (17 studies; RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.92) primarily due to reduced mortality from CMV disease (7 studies; RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.78). Prophylaxis reduced the risk of herpes simplex and herpes zoster disease, bacterial and protozoal infections but not fungal infection, acute rejection or graft loss. Meta-regression showed no significant difference in the relative benefit of treatment (risk of CMV disease or all-cause mortality) by organ transplanted or CMV serostatus; no conclusions were possible for CMV negative recipients of negative organs. In direct comparison studies, ganciclovir was more effective than aciclovir in preventing CMV disease (7 studies; RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.60). Valganciclovir and IV ganciclovir were as effective as oral ganciclovir. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis with antiviral medications reduces CMV disease and CMV-associated mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. They should be used routinely in CMV positive recipients and in CMV negative recipients of CMV positive organ transplants.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Cancer screening in renal transplant recipients: what is the evidence?
%B Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
%D 2008
%C United States
%I American Society of Nephrology
%V 3
%N Suppl 2
%P S87-S100
%@ 1555-905X
%X Increased cancer risk is well established in the renal transplant population. Little, however, is known about the benefits and harms of cancer screening, treatment effectiveness, and the overall cancer prognosis in renal transplant recipients. In this study, we critically appraised guidelines for cancer screening in the renal transplant and general populations using standard criteria for an evidence-based screening program. Guidelines were included when they were applied to adult participants, had objectives specific to cancer screening, and were written in English. Recommendations for breast and colorectal cancer screening in the general population were supported by evidence of cancer-specific mortality benefits from randomized, controlled trials of cancer screening. Convincing evidence from observational studies had demonstrated population cervical cancer screening was effective, also, test performance of mammography, faecal occult blood testing, and Pap smear were accurate. Population breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer screening also appeared to be good value for money in the general population. On the contrary, recommendations for cancer screening in renal transplant recipients were entirely extrapolated from data in the general population. Studies in the general population have led to the development of cancer screening guidelines in transplant recipients. Because of increased cancer risk, differences in diagnostic test performance, competing risks for deaths from causes such as cardiovascular disease and reduced overall life expectancies, validity of their recommendations are uncertain. Future studies are needed to address these issues to provide the necessary evidence for informed decision-making.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Klassen, Terry P
%A Hartling, Lisa
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Offringa, Martin
%T Children are not just small adults: the urgent need for high-quality trial evidence in children.
%B PLoS medicine
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Public Library of Science
%V 5
%N 8
%P e172
%@ 1549-1676
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Cost-Effectiveness of Breast Cancer Screening in Women on Dialysis.
%B American Journal of Kidney Diseases
%D 2008
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 52
%N 5
%P 916-929
%@ 0272-6386
%X Breast cancer screening is recommended for women 50 years and older in most developed countries. Women on dialysis therapy have a risk of acquiring breast cancer similar to that for other women, but a greater all-cause mortality rate because of mortality from other competing causes. It is uncertain whether routine screening is cost-effective in women on dialysis therapy. In this study, we determine the costs and health outcomes of annual mammographic breast cancer screening in women on dialysis therapy.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Germaine
%A Howard, Kirsten
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Chapman, Jeremy R
%T Cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening in renal transplant recipients.
%B Transplantation
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
%V 85
%N 4
%P 532-541
%@ 0041-1337
%X BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer screening is now standard practice in most developed countries. The aim of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening, with annual fecal occult blood testing, in renal transplant recipients. METHOD: A Markov model was developed to compare the effects of annual fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) as screening for colorectal cancer in a cohort of renal transplant recipients ages 50-70 years, versus no screening. Data on cancer risk and survival were obtained from the ANZDATA Registry. Accuracy of FOBT, cancer stage distribution of the screened and unscreened arms, and adverse effects of colonoscopy were extrapolated from general population data because of unavailability of equivalent data in renal transplant recipients. RESULTS: When the participation rate was 50%, the average cost for annual FOBT was $5076. The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $22,309 per life year saved. Using a series of sensitivity analyses, the choice of screening strategy was most sensitive to the prevalence of disease, test specificities, and participation rate. When the base-case analyses were tested over the worst and best-case scenarios, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio varied from $32,863 to $95,668 per life year saved. CONCLUSION: Under the most favorable conditions, immunochemical FOBT screening in renal transplant recipients appears good value for money. Uncertainties, however, exist in the model''s influential estimates. Primary research into these uncertainties is necessary to confirm whether population colorectal cancer screening is cost-effective in renal transplant population.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Jepson, R G
%A Craig, J C
%T Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software
%V 1
%N 1
%P CD001321
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Cranberries have been used widely for several decades for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of cranberry products in preventing UTIs in susceptible populations. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library) and the Internet. We contacted companies involved with the promotion and distribution of cranberry preparations and checked reference lists of review articles and relevant studies.Date of last search: January 2007. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of cranberry products for the prevention of UTIs in all populations. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed and extracted information. Information was collected on methods, participants, interventions and outcomes (UTIs - symptomatic and asymptomatic, side effects, adherence to therapy). Relative risk (RR) were calculated where appropriate, otherwise a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Quality was assessed using the Cochrane criteria. MAIN RESULTS: Ten studies (n = 1049, five cross-over, five parallel group) were included. Cranberry/cranberry-lingonberry juice versus placebo, juice or water was evaluated in seven studies, and cranberries tablets versus placebo in four studies (one study evaluated both juice and tablets). Cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of UTIs at 12 months (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.90) compared with placebo/control. Cranberry products were more effective reducing the incidence of UTIs in women with recurrent UTIs, than elderly men and women or people requiring catheterisation. Six studies were not included in the meta-analyses due to methodological issues or lack of available data. However, only one reported a significant result for the outcome of symptomatic UTIs. Side effects were common in all studies, and dropouts/withdrawals in several of the studies were high. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: There is some evidence that cranberry juice may decrease the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12 month period, particularly for women with recurrent UTIs. It''s effectiveness for other groups is less certain. The large number of dropouts/withdrawals indicates that cranberry juice may not be acceptable over long periods of time. It is not clear what is the optimum dosage or method of administration (e.g. juice, tablets or capsules). Further properly designed studies with relevant outcomes are needed.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Book Section
%A Williams, Gabrielle
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Diagnosis and Management of Urinary tract Infections
%B Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Mosby
%V 
%N 
%P 0
%@ 9780323048835
%E Geary, Denis
%E Schaefer, Franz
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Johnson, David W
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Pellegrini, Fabio
%A Nicolucci, Antonio
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials.
%B BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 336
%N 7645
%P 645-651
%@ 1468-5833
%X OBJECTIVE: To analyse the benefits and harms of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease (pre-dialysis, dialysis, and transplant populations). DESIGN: Meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, and Renal Health Library (July 2006). STUDY SELECTION: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of statins compared with placebo or other statins in chronic kidney disease. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed trial quality. Differences were resolved by consensus. Treatment effects were summarised as relative risks or weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals by using a random effects model. RESULTS: Fifty trials (30 144 patients) were included. Compared with placebo, statins significantly reduced total cholesterol (42 studies, 6390 patients; weighted mean difference -42.28 mg/dl (1.10 mmol/l), 95% confidence interval -47.25 to -37.32), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (39 studies, 6216 patients; -43.12 mg/dl (1.12 mmol/l), -47.85 to -38.40), and proteinuria (g/24 hours) (6 trials, 311 patients; -0.73 g/24 hour, -0.95 to -0.52) but did not improve glomerular filtration rate (11 studies, 548 patients; 1.48 ml/min (0.02 ml/s), -2.32 to 5.28). Fatal cardiovascular events (43 studies, 23 266 patients; relative risk 0.81, 0.73 to 0.90) and non-fatal cardiovascular events (8 studies, 22 863 patients; 0.78, 0.73 to 0.84) were reduced with statins, but statins had no significant effect on all cause mortality (44 studies, 23 665 patients; 0.92, 0.82 to 1.03). Meta-regression analysis showed that treatment effects did not vary significantly with stage of chronic kidney disease. The side effect profile of statins was similar to that of placebo. Most of the available studies were small and of suboptimal quality; mortality data were provided by a few large trials only. CONCLUSION: Statins significantly reduce lipid concentrations and cardiovascular end points in patients with chronic kidney disease, irrespective of stage of disease, but no benefit on all cause mortality or the role of statins in primary prevention has been established. Reno-protective effects of statins are uncertain because of relatively sparse data and possible outcomes reporting bias.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Doust, Jenny A
%A Craig, Jonathon C
%T Evaluating diagnostic tests-should the same methods apply?
%B American heart journal
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Mosby, Inc.
%V 156
%N 1
%P 4-6
%@ 1097-6744
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110399


%0 Book
%A Molony, Molony
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Evidence-Based Nephrology
%B 
%D 2008
%C United States
%I BMJ Books
%V 
%N 
%P 
%@ 978-1-4051-3975-5
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Webster, Angela
%A Mitchell, Andrew
%A Irwig, Les
%T Expanding the Evidence Base in Transplantation: More and Better Randomized Trials, and Extending the Value of Observational Data.
%B Transplantation
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
%V 86
%N 1
%P 32-35
%@ 0041-1337
%X Transplant registries, despite being complete and large, will always be observational data and subject to potential biases, such as selection bias. Consequently conclusions about the effects of interventions will almost always be uncertain, except when the magnitude is very large, and natural history of a condition homogeneous. Rather than re-running old debates of the outcomes-research movement, it is time for improvements in registries and randomized trials to occur so that effective interventions can be administered to individual patients in whom benefits will outweigh harms.
%Z FOR Codes: 110323


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Lowe, Alison
%A Sainsbury, Peter
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Experiences of parents who have children with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of qualitative studies.
%B Pediatrics
%D 2008
%C United States
%I American Academy of Pediatrics
%V 121
%N 2
%P 349-360
%@ 1098-4275
%X OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the experiences of parents who have children with chronic kidney disease. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-ethnography of studies that had used in-depth interviews or focus groups to explore experiences of parents with children who have chronic kidney disease (predialysis, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or after kidney transplantation). We searched 5 electronic databases (through to August 2005), Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Sociofile/Sociological Abstract, and reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS: Sixteen articles that reported the experiences of parents of 358 children with chronic kidney disease were included. Ten themes emerged, which we grouped into 3 interrelated clusters: intrapersonal (living with constant uncertainty, stress, and maintaining vigilance despite experiencing fatigue), interpersonal (medicalization of the parental role, dependence on and conflict with staff, and disrupted peer relationships), and external issues (management of the medical regimen, pursuit of information, organizing transportation, accommodation and finances, adhering to the child''s liquid and diet restrictions, and balancing medical care with domestic responsibilities). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to "normal" parental roles, being a parent of a child with chronic kidney disease demands a high-level health care provider, problem solving, information seeking, and financial and practical skills at a time when the capacity to cope is threatened by physical tiredness, uncertainty, and disruption to peer support within and outside the family structure. Parents of children with chronic kidney disease need multidisciplinary care, which may lead to improved outcomes for their children.
%Z FOR Codes: 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Schünemann, Holger J
%A Schünemann, A Holger J
%A Oxman, Andrew D
%A Brozek, Jan
%A Glasziou, Paul
%A Jaeschke, Roman
%A Vist, Gunn E
%A Williams, John W
%A Kunz, Regina
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Montori, Victor M
%A Bossuyt, Patrick
%A Guyatt, Gordon H
%A , GRADE Working Group
%T Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies.
%B BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I B M J Group
%V 336
%N 7653
%P 1106-10
%@ 1468-5833
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111717


%0 Book Section
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Introduction: Trials, Systematic Reviews, Grading Evidence, and Implications for Nephrology Research
%B Evidence-Based Nephrology
%D 2008
%C United States
%I BMJ Books
%V 
%N 
%P xvii-xv
%@ 9781405139755
%E Molony, Donald A.
%E Craig, Jonathan
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ Isi
%A Alpers, C.
%A Bloom, R. D.
%A Fabrizi, F.
%A Izopet, J.
%A Jadoul, M.
%A Lindley, E.
%A Martin, P.
%A Morales, J. M.
%A Natov, S.
%A Pol, S.
%A Reddy, K. R.
%A Rostaing, L.
%A Roth, D.
%A Wei, L.
%A Alter, M.
%A Lavanchy, D.
%A Meyers, C.
%A Seeff, L.
%A Eknoyan, G.
%A Lameire, N.
%A Balk, E.
%A Craig, J.
%A Earley, A.
%A Gordon, C.
%A Ioannidis, J.
%T KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hepatitis C in chronic kidney disease - Introduction
%B Kidney International
%D 2008
%C US
%I Blackwell Science Inc
%V 73
%N 
%P S6-S99
%@ 1523-1755
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Kidney transplantation in children: the preferred option but still no cure.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2008
%C US
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 51
%N 6
%P 880-881
%@ 0272-6386
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Webster, A C
%A Wong, G
%A Craig, J C
%A Chapman, J R
%T Managing Cancer Risk and Decision Making After Kidney Transplantation.
%B American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
%D 2008
%C Denmark
%I Wiley-Blackwell Munksgaard
%V 8
%N 11
%P 2185-91
%@ 1600-6143
%X Kidney transplant recipients are at higher risk of cancer at most sites, and cancer after transplantation causes considerable morbidity and mortality. To optimize long-term patient outcomes, clinicians balance the prospect of graft failure and dialysis, with competing risks of diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and the risk of malignancy. In this paper we critically examine the assumptions underpinning primary prevention, immunization, chemoprevention and screening programs, and highlight considerations when applying evidence to the kidney transplant population, and suggest a clinical research agenda that aims to define a rational approach to managing posttransplant cancer risk.
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Loon, Seng Chee
%A Liew, Gerald
%A Fung, Adrian
%A Reid, Sharon E
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing timolol with brimonidine in the treatment of glaucoma.
%B Clinical & experimental ophthalmology
%D 2008
%C Australia
%I Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 36
%N 3
%P 281-289
%@ 1442-9071
%X This paper aims to compare the efficacy and tolerability of timolol versus brimonidine in the treatment of glaucoma. Comprehensive searches were performed using Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register for randomized controlled trials comparing timolol and brimonidine. Two reviewers independently assessed trials for eligibility and quality and extracted data. A random effects model was used to combine studies. Outcome was defined as the absolute mean intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction from baseline to end-point for efficacy, and relative risk (RR) for adverse events. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore heterogeneity according to trial design and quality. Ten publications reporting on eight trials with 2387 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Two further trials were commented on qualitatively. IOP reduction was not significantly different between timolol and brimonidine. Weighted mean difference (WMD) of IOP reduction was 0.24 mmHg (favouring brimonidine) with a 95% confidence interval of -0.57 to 1.04 mmHg. There was significant heterogeneity between studies (chi(2) (13) = 73.75, P < 0.00001, I(2) = 91%). Subgroup analysis showed no significant WMD for studies where data were analysed from end-points >/=6 months or <6 months. Meta-regression analysis showed increased WMD IOP reduction in favour of brimonidine with increased trial quality (t(3) = -4.58, P = 0.01), but no significant association with trial duration (t(3) = 0.73, P = 0.51) or size (t(3) = -0.59, P = 0.57). The RR of ocular allergy was much lower with timolol than brimonidine (RR = 0.08, 95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.47). Publication bias was not evident on a funnel plot, although the number of studies was small. The conclusion is that both drugs are equally effective in lowering IOP. Brimonidine is associated with a higher rate of allergy.
%Z FOR Codes: 111301


%0 Book Section
%A Cross, Nicholas B
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Monitoring in renal transplantation
%B Evidence-based Medical Monitoring: from Principles to Practice
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Blackwell Publishing
%V 
%N 
%P 286-302
%@ 9781405153997
%E Aronson, Jeffrey K
%E Irwig, Les
%E Glasziou, Paul
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 110323


%0 Book Section
%A Bell, Katy
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Irwig, Les
%T Monitoring the initial response to treatment
%B Evidence-based Medical Monitoring: from Principles to Practice
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Blackwell Publishing Ltd
%V 
%N 
%P 75-89
%@ 978-1-4051-5399-7
%E Aronson, Jeffrey K
%E Irwig, Les
%E Glasziou, Paul
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, E M
%A Willis, N S
%A Craig, J C
%T Non-corticosteroid treatment for nephrotic syndrome in children.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell
%V 1
%N 1
%P CD002290
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Eighty to 90% of children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) have relapses. About half relapse frequently and are at risk of the adverse effects of corticosteroids. Non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive agents are used to prolong periods of remission in these children, however these agents have significant potential adverse effects. Currently there is no consensus as to the most appropriate second line agent in children who are steroid sensitive, but who continue to relapse. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive agents in relapsing SSNS in children. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists, conference abstracts and contact with known investigators.Search date: September 2007 SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs were included if they compared non-corticosteroid agents with placebo, prednisone or no treatment, different doses and/or durations of the same non-corticosteroid agent, different non-corticosteroid agents. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using a random effects model and results expressed as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: We identified 26 studies (1173 children). Cyclophosphamide (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.73) and chlorambucil (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.95) significantly reduced the relapse risk at six to twelve months compared with prednisone alone. There was no difference in relapse risk at two years between chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.80 to 2.13). There was no difference at one year between intravenous and oral cyclophosphamide (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.29). Cyclosporin was as effective as cyclophosphamide (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.48 to 2.35) and chlorambucil (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.53) and levamisole (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.68) was more effective than steroids alone but the effects were not sustained once treatment was stopped. There was no difference in the risk for relapse between mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporin (RR 5.00, 95% CI 0.68 to 36.66) but CI were large. Mizoribine and azathioprine were no more effective than placebo or prednisone alone in maintaining remission. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Eight week courses of cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil and prolonged courses of cyclosporin and levamisole reduce the risk of relapse in children with relapsing SSNS compared with corticosteroids alone. Clinically important differences in efficacy are possible and further comparative studies are still needed.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Sainsbury, Peter
%A Carter, Stacy M
%A Hall, Bronwyn
%A Harris, David C
%A Walker, Rowan G
%A Hawley, Carmel M
%A Chadban, Steven
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Patients' priorities for health research: focus group study of patients with chronic kidney disease.
%B Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 23
%N 10
%P 3206-14
%@ 1460-2385
%X The inclusion of consumer preferences in prioritizing research topics is widely advocated, but prioritization is driven largely by professional agendas.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Haysom, Leigh
%A Williams, Rita
%A Hodson, Elisabeth
%A Lopez-Vargas, Pamela
%A Roy, L Paul
%A Lyle, David
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Risk of CKD in Australian Indigenous and Nonindigenous Children: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
%B American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation
%D 2008
%C United States
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 53
%N 2
%P 229-37
%@ 0272-6386
%X Aboriginal Australians have a 9-fold increased risk of end-stage renal disease. There is no information about the natural history and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Sainsbury, Peter
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Support interventions for caregivers of people with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.
%B Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 23
%N 12
%P 3960-5
%@ 1460-2385
%X A growing number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) rely on non-professional healthcare providers, such as family and friends, to manage their long-term condition throughout the trajectory of CKD. These informal caregivers can experience stress, depression, lack of confidence and poor quality of life. Yet, the needs of caregivers are often neglected and under-prioritized. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at providing support to caregivers of people with CKD.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Perkovic, Vlado
%A Verdon, Christine
%A Ninomiya, Toshiharu
%A Barzi, Federica
%A Cass, Alan
%A Patel, Anushka
%A Jardine, Meg
%A Gallagher, Martin
%A Turnbull, Fiona
%A Chalmers, John
%A Craig, Jonathan
%A Huxley, Rachel
%T The relationship between proteinuria and coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
%B PLoS medicine
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Public Library of Science
%V 5
%N 10
%P e207
%@ 1549-1676
%X BACKGROUND: Markers of kidney dysfunction such as proteinuria or albuminuria have been reported to be associated with coronary heart disease, but the consistency and strength of any such relationship has not been clearly defined. This lack of clarity has led to great uncertainty as to how proteinuria should be treated in the assessment and management of cardiovascular risk. We therefore undertook a systematic review of published cohort studies aiming to provide a reliable estimate of the strength of association between proteinuria and coronary heart disease. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A meta-analysis of cohort studies was conducted to obtain a summary estimate of the association between measures of proteinuria and coronary risk. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for studies reporting an age- or multivariate-adjusted estimate and standard error of the association between proteinuria and coronary heart disease. Studies were excluded if the majority of the study population had known glomerular disease or were the recipients of renal transplants. Two independent researchers extracted the estimates of association between proteinuria (total urinary protein >300 mg/d), microalbuminuria (urinary albumin 30-300 mg/d), macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin >300 mg/d), and risk of coronary disease from individual studies. These estimates were combined using a random-effects model. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine possible sources of heterogeneity in effect size. A total of 26 cohort studies were identified involving 169,949 individuals and 7,117 coronary events (27% fatal). The presence of proteinuria was associated with an approximate 50% increase in coronary risk (risk ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-1.74) after adjustment for known risk factors. For albuminuria, there was evidence of a dose-response relationship: individuals with microalbuminuria were at 50% greater risk of coronary heart disease (risk ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.30-1.66) than those without; in those with macroalbuminuria the risk was more than doubled (risk ratio 2.17, 1.87-2.52). Sensitivity analysis indicated no important differences in prespecified subgroups. CONCLUSION: These data confirm a strong and continuous association between proteinuria and subsequent risk of coronary heart disease, and suggest that proteinuria should be incorporated into the assessment of an individual''s cardiovascular risk.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, Elisabeth
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Therapies for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.
%B Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
%D 2008
%C Germany
%I Springer
%V 23
%N 9
%P 1391-4
%@ 0931-041X
%X Between 10 and 20% of children with primary nephrotic syndrome are steroid-resistant (SRNS). From earlier studies in children with SRNS, we know that cyclosporin (with or without alternate-day prednisone) and cyclophosphamide (with pulse intravenous corticosteroids) result in comparable complete or partial remission rates of about 60%. An evaluation of the relative effectiveness of cyclophosphamide and cyclosporin has not been possible because of the absence of a head-to-head randomised trial. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft f??r P??diatrische Nephrologie trial, published in this issue of Pediatric Nephrology, has filled this gap in our evidence base. Although there was no difference in the number of patients achieving complete remission, those patients receiving cyclosporin treatment were significantly more likely to achieve partial remission than those receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide. This result suggests that cyclosporin rather than cyclophosphamide should be used as first line therapy for children with SRNS.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wiggins, K J
%A Craig, J C
%A Johnson, D W
%A Strippoli, G F
%T Treatment for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd
%V 1
%N 3
%P CD005284
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Peritonitis is a common complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is associated with significant morbidity. Adequate treatment is essential to reduce morbidity and recurrence. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of treatments for PD-associated peritonitis. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Renal Group''s specialised register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, in The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE and reference lists without language restriction.Date of search: February 2005 SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs assessing the treatment of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (adults and children) evaluating: administration of an antibiotic(s) by different routes (e.g. oral, intraperitoneal, intravenous); dose of an antibiotic agent(s); different schedules of administration of antimicrobial agents; comparisons of different regimens of antimicrobial agents; any other intervention including fibrinolytic agents, peritoneal lavage and early catheter removal were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors extracted data on study quality and outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and the dichotomous results were expressed as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and continuous outcomes as mean difference (WMD) with 95% CI. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 36 studies (2089 patients): antimicrobial agents (30); urokinase (4), peritoneal lavage (1) intraperitoneal (IP) immunoglobulin (1). No superior antibiotic agent or combination of agents were identified. Primary response and relapse rates did not differ between IP glycopeptide-based regimens compared to first generation cephalosporin regimens, although glycopeptide regimens were more likely to achieve a complete cure (3 studies, 370 episodes: RR 1.66, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.58). For relapsing or persistent peritonitis, simultaneous catheter removal/replacement was superior to urokinase at reducing treatment failure rates (1 study, 37 patients: RR 2.35, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.91). Continuous IP and intermittent IP antibiotic dosing had similar treatment failure and relapse rates. IP antibiotics were superior to IV antibiotics in reducing treatment failure (1 study, 75 patients: RR 3.52, 95% CI 1.26 to 9.81). The methodological quality of most included studies was suboptimal and outcome definitions were often inconsistent. There were no RCTs regarding duration of antibiotics or timing of catheter removal. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Based on one study, IP administration of antibiotics is superior to IV dosing for treating PD peritonitis. Intermittent and continuous dosing of antibiotics are equally efficacious. There is no role shown for routine peritoneal lavage or use of urokinase. No interventions were found to be associated with significant harm.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Book Section
%A Williams, G
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Urinary tract infection
%B Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Mosby
%V 
%N 
%P 0
%@ 9780323048835
%E Geary, Denis F
%E Schaefer, Franz S
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Bell, Katy J L
%A Irwig, Les
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Macaskill, Petra
%T Use of randomised trials to decide when to monitor response to new treatment.
%B BMJ
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 336
%N 7640
%P 361-365
%@ 0959-8138
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Gabrielle
%A Fletcher, Jeffery T
%A Alexander, Stephen I
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Vesicoureteral reflux.
%B Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
%D 2008
%C US
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 19
%N 5
%P 847-862
%@ 1046-6673
%X Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder toward the kidney, is common in young children. About 30% of children with urinary tract infections will be diagnosed with VUR after a voiding cystourethrogram. For most, VUR will resolve spontaneously; 20% to 30% will have further infections, but few will experience long-term renal sequelae. Developmentally, VUR arises from disruption of complex signaling pathways and cellular differentiation. These mechanisms are probably genetically programmed but may be influenced by environmental exposures. Phenotypic expression of VUR is variable, ranging from asymptomatic forms to severe renal parenchymal disease and end-stage disease. VUR is often familial but is genetically heterogeneous with variability in mode of inheritance and in which gene, or the number of genes, that are involved. Numerous genetic studies that explore associations with VUR are available. The relative utility of these for understanding the genetics of VUR is often limited because of small sample size, poor methodology, and a diverse spectrum of patients. Much, if not all, of the renal parenchymal damage associated with end-stage disease is likely to be congenital, which limits the opportunity for intervention to familial cases where risk prediction may be available. Management of children with VUR remains controversial because there is no strong supportive evidence that prophylactic antibiotics or surgical intervention improve outcomes. Furthermore, well-designed genetic epidemiological studies focusing on the severe end of the VUR phenotype may help define the causal pathway and identify modifiable or disease predictive factors.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Jepson, Ruth G
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T A systematic review of the evidence for cranberries and blueberries in UTI prevention.
%B Molecular nutrition & food research
%D 2007
%C Germany
%I Wiley- VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
%V 51
%N 6
%P 738-745
%@ 1613-4125
%X In this review we assess the effectiveness of cranberry and blueberry products in preventing symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs). Selection criteria were randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of cranberry or blueberry juice/products for the prevention of symptomatic UTIs. A comprehensive search was undertaken in November 2006 whereupon two reviewers independently assessed and extracted data. Quality was assessed using Cochrane criteria. Relative risks (RR) were calculated where appropriate; otherwise a narrative synthesis was undertaken. No relevant trials of blueberry products were identified. Nine trials of cranberry products met the inclusion criteria. In four good quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of symptomatic UTIs in 12 months (overall RR 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46-0.90) compared with placebo/control. Five trials were not included in the meta-analyses due to the lack of appropriate data. However, only one reported a significant result. Side effects were common, and losses to followup/withdrawals in several of the trials were high (> 40%). There is some evidence from four good quality RCTs that cranberry juice may decrease the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12-month period, particularly in women with recurrent UTIs. It is uncertain whether it is effective in other susceptible groups.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tang, Benjamin M P
%A Eslick, Guy D
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A McLean, Anthony S
%T Accuracy of procalcitonin for sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.
%B The Lancet infectious diseases
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I The Lancet Publishing Group
%V 7
%N 3
%P 210-217
%@ 1473-3099
%X Procalcitonin is widely reported as a useful biochemical marker to differentiate sepsis from other non-infectious causes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. In this systematic review, we estimated the diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin in sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients. 18 studies were included in the review. Overall, the diagnostic performance of procalcitonin was low, with mean values of both sensitivity and specificity being 71% (95% CI 67-76) and an area under the summary receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.78 (95% CI 0.73-0.83). Studies were grouped into phase 2 studies (n=14) and phase 3 studies (n=4) by use of Sackett and Haynes'' classification. Phase 2 studies had a low pooled diagnostic odds ratio of 7.79 (95% CI 5.86-10.35). Phase 3 studies showed significant heterogeneity because of variability in sample size (meta-regression coefficient -0.592, p=0.017), with diagnostic performance upwardly biased in smaller studies, but moving towards a null effect in larger studies. Procalcitonin cannot reliably differentiate sepsis from other non-infectious causes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in critically ill adult patients. The findings from this study do not lend support to the widespread use of the procalcitonin test in critical care settings.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Maione, A
%A Nicolucci, A
%A Craig, J C
%A Tognoni, G
%A Moschetta, A
%A Palasciano, G
%A Pugliese, G
%A Procaccini, D A
%A Gesualdo, L
%A Pellegrini, F
%A Strippoli, G F M
%T Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and combined therapy in microalbuminuric patients with one or more cardiovascular risk factors. Protocol of the Long-term Impact of RAS Inhibition on Cardiorenal Outcomes randomized trial (LIRICO)
%B Giornale italiano di nefrologia
%D 2007
%C Italy
%I Wichtig Editore Srl
%V 24
%N 5
%P 446-456
%@ 0393-5590
%X Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-i) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) are considered to be equally effective for patients with diabetic kidney disease, while only ACE-i have been shown to determine a significant reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality, predominantly cardiovascular, in these patients. Studies on the cardio-renal efficacy of combined therapy with ACE-i and ARB are not available or not conclusive, in a population with cardiovascular risk with micro- or macroalbuminuria. In this paper, we present the protocol of a randomized controlled clinical trial that will address the question. The LIRICO (Long-term Impact of RAS Inhibition on Cardiorenal Outcomes) study will evaluate the comparative efficacy for cardiovascular and renal outcomes of combined therapy with ACE-i and ARB versus monotherapy with ACE-i or ARB in micro/macroalbuminuric individuals at cardio-renal risk. The study will enrol 2100 patients allocated to monotherapy with ACE-i, ARB or combined treatment with ACE-i + ARB. The LIRICO study is a randomized comparative trial, with PROBE (Prospective Randomized Open Blinded End-Point) design. The study has been approved and funded by the Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA) within the 2005 funding plan for independent research on drugs. Availability of funding for this study provides, for the first time in our Country, an opportunity to organize a collaborative national network of nephrology, internal medicine and diabetology outpatient clinics to develop a large multicentre trial collaboration. The results of this trial will establish the optimal therapy for micro/macroalbuminuric individuals with cardiovascular and renal risk.
%Z FOR Codes: 110999


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, E M
%A Willis, N S
%A Craig, J C
%T Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom.
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 17
%N 4
%P CD003772
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infection in infants. The most severe form of UTI is acute pyelonephritis, which results in significant acute morbidity and may cause permanent renal damage. Published guidelines recommend treatment of acute pyelonephritis initially with intravenous (IV) therapy followed by oral therapy for seven to 14 days though there is no consensus on the duration of either IV or oral therapy. OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefits and harms of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists of articles and conference proceedings without language restriction.Date of most recent search: December 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing different antibiotic agents, routes, frequencies or durations of therapy in children aged 0 to 18 years with proven UTI and acute pyelonephritis were selected. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and the results expressed as relative risk (RR) for dichotomous outcomes or mean difference (WMD) for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Twenty three studies (3295 children) were eligible for inclusion. No significant differences were found in persistent renal damage at 6 months (2 studies, 424 children: RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.35 to 2.16) or in duration of fever (2 studies, 693 children: WMD 1.54, 95% CI -1.67 to 4.76) between oral antibiotic therapy (10 to 14 days) and IV therapy (3 days) followed by oral therapy (10 days). Similarly no significant differences in persistent renal damage (3 studies, 341 children: RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.49) were found between IV therapy (3 to 4 days) followed by oral therapy and IV therapy for 7 to 14 days. No significant differences in efficacy were found between daily and thrice daily administration of aminoglycosides (1 study, 179 children, persistent symptoms at 3 days: RR 1.98, 95% CI 0.37 to 10.53). AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that children with acute pyelonephritis can be treated effectively with oral antibiotics (cefixime, ceftibuten and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid) or with short courses (2 to 4 days) of IV therapy followed by oral therapy. If IV therapy is chosen, single daily dosing with aminoglycosides is safe and effective. Studies are required to determine the optimal total duration of therapy.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Playford, E G
%A Craig, J C
%A Iredell, J R
%T Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in intensive care unit patients: risk factors for acquisition, infection and their consequences.
%B The Journal of hospital infection
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I WB Saunders Co. Ltd.
%V 65
%N 3
%P 204-211
%@ 0195-6701
%X A retrospective case-control study was performed to assess risk factors and the clinical and economic consequences associated with acquisition of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB) in an intensive care unit (ICU) over a 24-month period. CR-AB was acquired by 64 of 1431 ICU admissions; each was matched with two controls. Risk factors associated with CR-AB acquisition included ICU-wide variables, such as ''colonization pressure'' (the prevalence of ICU colonized patients) and ICU antibiotic use over the preceding three months, as well as patient-related variables. Among colonized patients, risk factors for CR-AB infection included transfusion and ''colonization density'' (the proportion of body sites colonized with CR-AB). CR-AB infection was independently associated with increased hospital mortality [mortality difference: 20%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1-40%], prolonged ICU stay (median length of stay difference: 15 days; 95% CI: 9-21 days) and prolonged hospital stay (30 days, 11-38 days) compared with matched controls.
%Z FOR Codes: 110801 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Campbell, Denise
%A Walker, Rowan
%A Mathew, Tim
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Commentary on "influence of industry on renal guideline development".
%B Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN
%D 2007
%C United States
%I American Society of Nephrology
%V 2
%N 2
%P 211-211
%@ 1555-905X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Gabrielle J
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Chan, Siew F
%A Karplus, Thomas E
%A Yung, Winkle
%A Hodson, Elisabeth M
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Comparative accuracy of renal duplex sonographic parameters in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: paired and unpaired analysis.
%B AJR.  American journal of roentgenology
%D 2007
%C United States
%I American Roentgen Ray Society
%V 188
%N 3
%P 798-811
%@ 1546-3141
%X OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the test performance of duplex sonographic parameters in screening for hemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis, which occurs in approximately 5% of persons with hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to find studies on the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis in which duplex sonography and intraarterial angiography were compared and in which sensitivity and specificity were calculated. MEDLINE (1966-2005), EMBASE (1988-2005), and reference lists were searched and the authors contacted. Data were subjected to meta-analysis according to the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve model. Heterogeneity in test performance relating to population and design features was investigated. RESULTS: From 1,357 titles, 88 studies involving 9,974 arteries in 8,147 patients were included. The following four parameters were evaluated: peak systolic velocity (21 studies), acceleration time (13 studies), acceleration index (13 studies), and renal-aortic ratio (13 studies). The corresponding diagnostic odds ratios (ORs) were 60.9 (95% CI, 28.3-131.2), 28.9 (95% CI, 7.1-117.2), 16.0 (95% CI, 5.1-50.6), and 29.3 (95% CI, 12.7-67.7). Results based on studies in which parameters were directly compared showed that peak systolic velocity had greater accuracy than renal-aortic ratio (relative diagnostic OR, 1.8; p = 0.03; nine studies) and acceleration index (relative diagnostic OR, 5.3; p < 0.001; five studies). Acceleration time versus acceleration index showed no evidence of a difference in accuracy (relative diagnostic OR, 1.1; p = 0.65; nine studies). Analysis of peak systolic velocity used in combination with other parameters compared with peak systolic velocity alone (seven studies) showed evidence of a shift in test positivity (p < 0.001) but only weak evidence of improvement in accuracy (relative diagnostic OR, 1.6; p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Sonography is a moderately accurate screening test for renal artery stenosis. The single measurement, peak systolic velocity, has the highest performance characteristics, an expected sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 92%. Additional measurements do not increase accuracy.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tong, Allison
%A Sainsbury, Peter
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.
%B International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care / ISQua
%D 2007
%C United States
%I Oxford University Press
%V 19
%N 6
%P 349-57
%@ 1353-4505
%X Qualitative research explores complex phenomena encountered by clinicians, health care providers, policy makers and consumers. Although partial checklists are available, no consolidated reporting framework exists for any type of qualitative design.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, E M
%A Willis, N S
%A Craig, J C
%T Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 4
%P 1-64
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: In nephrotic syndrome (NS) protein leaks from the blood to the urine through the glomeruli resulting in hypoproteinaemia and generalised oedema. While the majority of children with NS respond to corticosteroids, 70% experience a relapsing course. Corticosteroids have reduced the mortality rate to around 3%. However corticosteroids have well recognised potentially serious adverse effects such as obesity, poor growth, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefits and harms of corticosteroid regimens in preventing relapse in children with steroid sensitive NS (SSNS). SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched CENTRAL, Cochrane Renal Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE and EMBASE without language restriction, reference lists of articles and contact with known investigators.Date of last search: December 2006 SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials performed in children (three months to 18 years) in their initial or subsequent episode of SSNS, comparing different durations, total doses or other dose strategies using any corticosteroid agent, with outcome data at six months or more. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Results were expressed as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) or mean difference (WMD). Meta-regression was used to explore potential between-study differences due to baseline risk of relapse, study quality and interventions. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty four trials were identified. Six trials comparing two months of prednisone or prednisolone with three months or more in the first episode showed longer duration significantly reduced the risk of relapse at 12 to 24 months (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.84). There was an inverse linear relationship between treatment duration and risk of relapse (RR = 1.26 - 0.112 duration; P = 0.03). Four trials showed that six months of prednisone was more effective than three months in reducing the risk for relapse (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.71). Deflazacort was significantly more effective in maintaining remission than prednisone in children who frequently relapsed in a single study (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.78). There were no increases in adverse events. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Children in their first episode of SSNS should be treated for at least three months with an increase in benefit for up to seven months of treatment. For a baseline risk for relapse following the first episode of 60% with two months of therapy, daily prednisone or prednisolone given for four weeks followed by alternate-day therapy for six months would reduce the number of children relapsing by 33%.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Morrow, Angela M
%A Quine, Susan
%A O Loughlin, Edward V
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Different priorities: A comparison of parents' and health professionals' perceptions of quality of life in quadriplegic cerebral palsy.
%B Archives of Disease in Childhood
%D 2007
%C BRITISH MED ASSOC HO
%I B M J Publishing Group
%V 93
%N 0
%P 119-125
%@ 0003-9888
%X Almost all children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy (CP) have feeding difficulties. Our aim was to identify the major determinants of feeding-related quality of life (QoL) in children with quadriplegic CP from the perspective of parents and to compare findings with the perceptions of health professionals.
%Z FOR Codes: 110904


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Haysom, L
%A Williams, R
%A Hodson, E
%A Roy, L P
%A Lyle, D
%A Craig, J C
%T Early chronic kidney disease in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian children: remoteness, socioeconomic disadvantage or race?
%B Kidney international
%D 2007
%C United States
%I Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 71
%N 8
%P 787-794
%@ 1523-1755
%X Indigenous people suffer substantially more end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), especially Australian Aboriginals. Previous work suggests causal pathways beginning early in life. No studies have shown the prevalence of early markers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in both Indigenous and non-Indigenous children or the association with environmental health determinants--geographic remoteness and socioeconomic disadvantage. Height, weight, blood pressure, and urinary abnormalities were measured in age- and gender-matched Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children from elementary schools across diverse areas of New South Wales, Australia. Hematuria was defined as>or=25 red blood cells/microl (>or=1+), proteinuria>or=0.30 g/l (>or=1+), and albuminuria (by albumin:creatinine)>or=3.4 mg/mmol. Remoteness and socioeconomic status were assigned using the Accessibility and Remoteness Index of Australia and Socio-Economic Indexes For Areas. From 2002 to 2004, 2266 children (55% Aboriginal, mean age 8.9 years) were enrolled from 37 elementary schools. Overall prevalence of hematuria was 5.5%, proteinuria 7.3%, and albuminuria 7.3%. Only baseline hematuria was more common in Aboriginal children (7.1 versus 3.6%; P=0.002). At 2-year follow-up, 1.2% of Aboriginal children had persistent hematuria that was no different from non-Aboriginal children (P=0.60). Socioeconomic disadvantage and geographical isolation were neither significant nor consistent risk factors for any marker of CKD. Aboriginal children have no increase in albuminuria, proteinuria, or persistent hematuria, which are more important markers for CKD. This suggests ESKD in Aboriginal people may be preventable during early adult life.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Lee, A
%A Cooper, M G
%A Craig, J C
%A Knight, J F
%A Keneally, J P
%T Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative renal function in adults with normal renal function.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 2
%P CD002765
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can play a major role in the management of acute pain in the peri-operative period. However, there are conflicting views on whether NSAIDs are associated with adverse renal effects. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this review was to determine the effects of NSAIDs on postoperative renal function in adults with normal preoperative renal function. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searches for relevant randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE and EMBASE were performed. Attempts were also made to identify trials from citation lists of relevant trials, review articles and clinical practice guidelines. Handsearching of conference abstracts published in major anaesthetic journals was also performed.Date of most recent search: May 2006 SELECTION CRITERIA: The inclusion criteria were randomised or quasi-randomised comparisons of individual NSAIDs with either each other or placebo for treatment of postoperative pain, with relevant postoperative renal outcome measures, in adult surgical patients with normal renal function. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The data were extracted independently by two authors. The primary outcome measure was creatinine clearance within the first two days after surgery. Secondary outcome measures included serum creatinine, urine volume, urinary sodium level, urinary potassium level, fractional excretion of sodium, fractional excretion of potassium and need for dialysis. Weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes and relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD) for dichotomous outcomes were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-three trials (1459 patients) fulfilled the selection criteria for this review. NSAIDs reduced creatinine clearance by 16 mL/min (95%CI 5 to 28) and potassium output by 38 mmol/day (95%CI 19 to 56) on the first day after surgery compared to placebo. There was no significant difference in serum creatinine on the first day (0 umol/L, 95%CI -3 to 4) compared to placebo. No significant reduction in urine volume during the early postoperative period was found. There was no significant difference in serum creatinine in the early postoperative period between patients receiving diclofenac, ketorolac, indomethacin, ketoprofen or etodolac. No cases of postoperative renal failure requiring dialysis were described. The trials were not heterogeneous for the primary outcome. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: NSAIDs caused a clinically unimportant transient reduction in renal function in the early postoperative period in patients with normal preoperative renal function. NSAIDs should not be withheld from adults with normal preoperative renal function because of concerns about postoperative renal impairment.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%A Tognoni, Giovanni
%A Navaneethan, Sankar D
%A Nicolucci, Antonio
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Haemoglobin targets: we were wrong, time to move on.
%B Lancet
%D 2007
%C UK
%I The Lancet Publishing group
%V 369
%N 9559
%P 346-350
%@ 1474-547X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Morrow, A M
%A Quine, S
%A Craig, J C
%T Health professionals' perceptions of feeding-related quality of life in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy.
%B Child: care, health and development
%D 2007
%C Switzerland, UK.
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 33
%N 5
%P 529-538
%@ 0305-1862
%X Background Our aim was to identify the major determinants of feeding-related quality of life (QoL) in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy (QCP) from the perspective of health professionals to provide a framework for comprehensive clinical evaluation of health status in this group. Methods A trained facilitator conducted five semi-structured focus groups during September and November 2003. Participants were recruited through the two paediatric hospitals in Sydney and community-based services, and included general and specialist paediatricians (n = 18), nurses (n = 15) and allied health professionals (n = 13), with an 80% response rate. All sessions were audio- and videotaped. nvivo software was used to facilitate thematic analysis of the transcribed audiotapes. Results Responses clustered into five themes: delivery of health services, parent-child interaction, the child''s physical and emotional well-being, and social participation. Participants thought the QoL of child and parent was inseparable. Parent-child interaction, delivery of services and physical well-being were the topics which prompted most participant interaction. These findings did not vary across disciplines. Conclusions Health professionals identified five domains which provide a framework within which clinicians may comprehensively evaluate the health status of children with QCP and feeding difficulties. These five domains may also be used to inform a new feeding-related QoL instrument for use in this group of patients.
%Z FOR Codes: 110904


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Webster, A C
%A Craig, J C
%A Simpson, J M
%A Jones, M P
%A Chapman, J R
%T Identifying High Risk Groups and Quantifying Absolute Risk of Cancer After Kidney Transplantation: A Cohort Study of 15 183 Recipients.
%B American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom, USA
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 7
%N 9
%P 2140-51
%@ 1600-6135
%X Transplant recipients have increased cancer risk, but data on risk variation across different patient groups are sparse. Rates and standardized rate ratios (SRR) of cancer (all sites, excluding nonmelanocytic skin and lip cancer) compared to the general population were calculated, using Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry data. Within the transplant population, risk factors were identified (hazard ratios: HR; 95% CI) and absolute risk estimated for recipient groups. A total of 1642 (10.8%) of 15 183 recipients developed cancer. Risk was inversely related to age (SRR 15-30 children, 2 if >65 years). Females aged 25-29 had rates equivalent to women aged 55-59 from the general population. Age trend for lymphoma, colorectal and breast risk was similar; melanoma showed less variability across ages, prostate showed no risk increase. Within the transplanted population, risk was affected by age differently for each sex (p = 0.007), elevated by prior malignancy (HR 1.40; 1.03-1.89), white race (HR 1.36; 1.12-1.89), but reduced by diabetic end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (HR 0.67; 0.50-0.89). Cancer rates in kidney recipients are similar to nontransplanted people 20-30 years older, but absolute risk differs across patient groups. Men aged 45-54 surviving 10 years have cancer risks varying from 1 in 13 (non-white, no prior cancer, diabetic ESKD) to 1 in 5 (white, prior cancer, other ESKD).
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, E M
%A Jones, C A
%A Strippoli, G F M
%A Webster, A C
%A Craig, J C
%T Immunoglobulins, vaccines or interferon for preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom.
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 2
%P CD005129
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common virus causing disease and death in solid organ transplant recipients during the first six months post-transplant. Previous systematic reviews have demonstrated the efficacy of antiviral medications used prophylactically or pre-emptively in preventing CMV disease. In this review the efficacy of older agents (immunoglobulins (IgG), anti CMV vaccines and interferon) are examined. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of IgG, anti CMV vaccines or interferon for preventing symptomatic CMV disease in solid organ transplant recipients. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Renal Group''s Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, in The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists and abstracts from conference proceedings without language restriction.Date of last search: December 2005 SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing IgG, anti CMV vaccine or interferon with placebo or no treatment, IgG alone or combined with antiviral medications with antiviral medications or IgG alone in recipients of any solid organ transplant. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two of four authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data from each trial. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and results expressed as relative risk (RR) for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: Thirty seven trials (2185 participants) were included in this review. There was no significant difference in the risk for CMV disease (16 trials, 770 patients: RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.05), CMV infection (14 trials, 775 patients: RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.10) or all-cause mortality (8 trials, 502 patients: RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.03) with IgG compared with placebo/no treatment. However IgG significantly reduced the risk of death from CMV disease (6 trials, 346 patients: RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.80). There was no difference in the risk for CMV disease (4 trials, 298 patients: RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.86), CMV infection (4 trials, 298 patients: RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.52) or all-cause mortality (2 trials, 217 patients: RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.37 to 2.29) between antiviral medication combined with IgG and antiviral medication alone. There was no significant difference in the risk of CMV disease with anti CMV vaccine or interferon compared with placebo or no treatment. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Currently there are no indications for IgG in the prophylaxis of CMV disease in recipients of solid organ transplants.
%Z FOR Codes: 110804 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hodson, E M
%A Wheeler, D M
%A Vimalchandra, D
%A Smith, G H
%A Craig, J C
%T Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom.
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 3
%P CD001532
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) results in urine passing, in a retrograde manner, up the ureter. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have been considered the main cause of permanent renal parenchymal damage in children with reflux. Management of these children has been directed at preventing infection by antibiotic prophylaxis and/or surgical correction of reflux. Controversy remains as to the optimum strategies. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the benefits and harms of different treatment options for primary VUR. SEARCH STRATEGY: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, reference lists of articles and abstracts from conference proceedings. Date of last search: June 2006 SELECTION CRITERIA: Any treatment of VUR including surgery, antibiotic prophylaxis of any duration, non-invasive techniques and any combination of therapies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently searched the literature, determined study eligibility, assessed quality, extracted and entered data. For dichotomous outcomes, results were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Data were pooled using the random effects model. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven studies (1148 children) were identified. Seven compared correction of VUR (by surgery or endoscope) plus antibiotics for 1-24 months with antibiotics alone, two compared antibiotics with no treatment and two compared different materials for endoscopic correction of VUR. Risk of UTI by 2, 5 and 10 years was not significantly different between surgical and medical groups (2 years RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.32 to 2.09; 5 years RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.26; 10 years RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.44). Combined treatment resulted in a 50% reduction in febrile UTI by 10 years (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.92) but no concomitant reduction in risk of new or progressive renal damage by 10 years (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.00). In two small studies no significant differences in risk for UTI (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.15 to 3.84) or renal damage (RR 1.70, 95% CI 0.36 to 8.07) were found between antibiotic prophylaxis and no treatment. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: It is uncertain whether the treatment of children with VUR confers clinically important benefit. The additional benefit of surgery over antibiotics alone is small at best. Assuming a UTI rate of 20% for children with VUR on antibiotics for five years, nine reimplantations would be required to prevent one febrile UTI, with no reduction in the number of children developing any UTI or renal damage.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tang, Benjamin Mp
%A Eslick, Guy D
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A McLean, Anthony S
%T Meta-analysis of procalcitonin for sepsis detection - Authors' reply.
%B The Lancet infectious diseases
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I The Lancet Publishing Group
%V 7
%N 8
%P 502-503
%@ 1473-3099
%X 
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A McGregor, David O
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Elder, Grahame J
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Meta-analysis: vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease.
%B Annals of internal medicine
%D 2007
%C United States
%I American College of Physicians
%V 147
%N 12
%P 840-853
%@ 1539-3704
%X BACKGROUND: Vitamin D compounds are widely used to prevent and treat secondary hyperparathyroidism. PURPOSE: To determine whether vitamin D therapy improves biochemical markers of mineral metabolism and cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in chronic kidney disease. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (January 1966 to July 2007), EMBASE (January 1980 to July 2007), and Cochrane databases were searched without language restriction. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized, controlled trials of vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease were identified. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently extracted data. DATA SYNTHESIS: Seventy-six trials were identified for inclusion; 3667 participants were enrolled. Vitamin D compounds did not reduce the risk for death, bone pain, vascular calcification, or parathyroidectomy. Compared with placebo, established vitamin D sterols were associated with an increased risk for hypercalcemia (relative risk, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.16 to 4.85]) and hyperphosphatemia (relative risk, 1.77 [CI, 1.15 to 2.74]) but did not show a consistent reduction in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Compared with placebo, more recently developed vitamin D analogues were associated with hypercalcemia (relative risk, 5.15 [CI, 1.06 to 24.97]) but not hyperphosphatemia, and levels of PTH were reduced (weighted mean difference, -10.77 pmol/L [CI, -20.51 to -1.03 pmol/L]). For suppression of PTH, intravenous administration was superior to oral vitamin D, but higher intravenous doses were used. LIMITATIONS: Few studies reported patient-level outcomes, including mortality (8 of 76 trials), and only 5 trials directly compared the effects of treatment with newer vitamin D compounds versus established ones. Heterogeneity in some comparisons remained unexplained by metaregression analyses. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D compounds do not consistently reduce PTH levels, and beneficial effects on patient-level outcomes are unproven. The value of vitamin D treatment for people with chronic kidney disease remains uncertain.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 110106


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Lee, B B
%A Simpson, J M
%A Craig, J C
%A Bhuta, T
%T Methenamine hippurate for preventing urinary tract infections.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 4
%N 4 CD003565
%P 1-31
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Methenamine salts are often used as an alternative to antibiotics for the prevention of urinary tract infection (UTI). OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of methenamine hippurate in preventing UTI. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (from 1950), EMBASE (from 1980), reference lists of articles and abstracts from conference proceedings without language restriction. Manufacturers'' of methenamine salts were contacted for unpublished studies and contact was made with known investigators.Date of last search: September 2006 SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCT) and quasi-RCTs of methenamine hippurate used for the prevention of UTIs in all population groups were eligible. A comparison with a control/no treatment group was a prerequisite for selection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and the results expressed as relative risk (RR) for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). An exploration of heterogeneity and a detailed description of results, grouped by population, was undertaken. MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen studies (2032 participants) were included. Six studies (654 patients) reported symptomatic UTI and eight studies (796 patients) reported bacteriuria. Overall, study quality was mixed. The overall pooled estimates for the major outcome measures were not interpretable because of underlying heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses suggested that methenamine hippurate may have some benefit in patients without renal tract abnormalities (symptomatic UTI: RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.89; bacteriuria: RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.83), but not in patients with known renal tract abnormalities (symptomatic UTI: RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.38 to 6.20; bacteriuria: RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.54 to 3.07). For short-term treatment duration (1 week or less) there was a significant reduction in symptomatic UTI in those without renal tract abnormalities (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.38). The rate of adverse events was low. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Methenamine hippurate may be effective for preventing UTI in patients without renal tract abnormalities, particularly when used for short-term prophylaxis. It does not appear to work in patients with neuropathic bladder or in patients who have renal tract abnormalities. The rate of adverse events was low, but poorly described.There is a need for further large well-conducted RCTs to clarify this question, particularly for longer term use for people without neuropathic bladder.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Williams, Gabrielle
%A Sureshkumar, Premala
%A Chan, Siew F
%A Macaskill, Petra
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T Ordering of renal tract imaging by paediatricians after urinary tract infection.
%B Journal of paediatrics and child health
%D 2007
%C Via Bradano 3/C, Rom
%I Pensiero Scientifico Editor
%V 43
%N 4
%P 271-279
%@ 1440-1754
%X AIM: To describe paediatricians'' reported ordering of renal tract imaging of children following urinary tract infection. METHODS: This is a piloted self-administered survey. A total of 354 randomly sampled practising paediatricians in Australia participated in the survey. The survey included 12 clinical scenarios that varied with age, gender and fever. Respondents indicated their likelihood of ordering renal ultrasound, micturating cystourethrogram (MCU) and dimercaptosuccinic acid scan (DMSA) from 0 to 100%. RESULTS: Response rate was 74.6% (264/354). For all clinical scenarios the median probability of ordering an ultrasound was 100% with little variability. For children aged 2 months, likelihood of ordering an MCU was 100%, with little variability, but was 70% for 3-year-olds with fever (45% without fever), and 5% for 6-year-olds with very large variability. Median likelihood of ordering a DMSA was 80% at 2 months, 60% at 3 years and 20% at 6 years (40%, 15%, 5% without fever, respectively). Variability was large for all scenarios and DMSA ordering. Child gender did not influence ordering practices. CONCLUSIONS: Renal tract imaging practice across paediatricians shows consistent, approximately 100% use of the least invasive modality, ultrasound. In contrast, there is considerable variation in the reported ordering of the more invasive tests MCU and DMSA. Doctors order these tests more in younger children and when fever is present.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Maione, A
%A Nicolucci, A
%A Craig, J C
%A Tognoni, G
%A Moschetta, A
%A Palasciano, G
%A Pugliese, G
%A Procaccini, D A
%A Gesualdo, L
%A Pellegrini, F
%A Strippoli, G F M
%A , LIRICO study group
%T Protocol of the Long-term Impact of RAS Inhibition on Cardiorenal Outcomes (LIRICO) randomized trial.
%B Journal of nephrology
%D 2007
%C Italy
%I Wichtig Editore Srl
%V 20
%N 6
%P 646-655
%@ 1121-8428
%X Microalbuminuria is a strong, consistent and independent risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease in patients with diabetes and/or hypertension and in the general population. Several randomized trials have shown the efficacy of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) to prevent cardiovascular events and the progression of kidney disease. These 2 classes of drugs are equally effective for renal outcomes in patients with diabetic nephropathy, but only ACEIs have been found to significantly impact the risk of all-cause mortality, predominantly cardiovascular, in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Studies on the cardiorenal efficacy of combined therapy with ACEIs and ARBs in individuals with microalbuminuria or macroalbuminuria and other cardiovascular risk factors have been inconclusive. The Long-term Impact of RAS Inhibition on Cardiorenal Outcomes (LIRICO) study aims to address existing questions in this setting. This is a phase III, randomized, comparative, pragmatic trial with prospective randomized open blinded endpoint (PROBE) design. It will evaluate the comparative efficacy of combined therapy with ACEIs and ARBs versus monotherapy with either ACEIs or ARBs in improving cardiovascular and renal outcomes in microalbuminuric or macroalbuminuric individuals at cardiorenal risk. The study will enroll 2,100 patients, selected in a network of internal medicine, diabetology or nephrology outpatient clinics. Patients will be randomly allocated to ACEIs, ARBs or their combination. The study has been approved and funded by the Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (A.I.F.A.) within the 2005 funding plan for independent research on drugs.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Palmer, Suetonia C
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Sevelamer: a promising but unproven drug.
%B Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
%D 2007
%C UK
%I Oxford University Press
%V 22
%N 10
%P 2742-2745
%@ 0931-0509
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Vanbelleghem, H
%A Vanholder, R
%A Levin, N W
%A Becker, G
%A Craig, J C
%A Ito, S
%A Lau, J
%A Locatelli, F
%A Zoccali, C
%A Solez, K
%A Hales, M
%A Lameire, N
%A Eknoyan, G
%T The Kidney Disease: improving Global Outcomes website: comparison of guidelines as a tool for harmonization.
%B Kidney international
%D 2007
%C US
%I Blackwell Science Inc
%V 71
%N 10
%P 1054-1061
%@ 1523-1755
%X Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem with significant comorbidity and mortality. Improving quality of life and survival of CKD patients necessitates a large number of preventive and therapeutic interventions. To resolve these issues several organizations have developed guidelines, which are difficult to compare comprehensively. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes website at http://kdigo.org compares five major guidelines. The section ''compare guidelines'' covers 41 topics distributed over five major subjects: (1) general clinics; (2) hemodialysis (HD); (3) vascular access for HD; (4) peritoneal dialysis; and (5) chemistries. The tables compare guideline recommendations and the evidence levels on which they are based, with direct links to each of the guidelines. These data show that the different guideline groups tend to propose similar targets, but that nuances in the guideline statements, their rationale, and grading of evidence levels present some discrepancies, although most guidelines are based on the same literature. We conclude that there is an urgent need to harmonize existing guidelines, and for a global initiative to avoid the parallel development of conflicting guidelines on the same topics. The tables displayed on the website offer a basis for structuring this process, a procedure which has recently been initiated by a body composed of the five guideline development groups.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312 110312


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gunasekera, Hasantha
%A Knox, Stephanie
%A Morris, Peter
%A Britt, Helena
%A McIntyre, Peter
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%T The spectrum and management of otitis media in Australian indigenous and nonindigenous children: a national study.
%B The Pediatric infectious disease journal
%D 2007
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 26
%N 8
%P 689-692
%@ 0891-3668
%X BACKGROUND: Indigenous children have the highest reported prevalence and severity of otitis media in the world, but whether their clinical management varies accordingly is unknown. METHODS: Using a representative Australia-wide cluster survey of consecutive primary healthcare consultations, we compared practitioners'' investigation, treatment, and referral practices for otitis media in indigenous and nonindigenous children (0-18 years), after adjusting for clustering. RESULTS: Over 8 years (1998-2006), 7991 practitioners managed 141,693 problems during 119,503 consultations with children, including 2856 (2%) with indigenous children. Ear problems were the fourth most common problems managed overall, with otitis media seen more commonly in indigenous than in nonindigenous children (10% versus 7% consultations, P < 0.001). Indigenous children were significantly more likely to have severe otitis media (chronic and/or suppurative and/or perforation, 8% versus 2%, P < 0.001); discharging ears (4% versus 0.1%, P < 0.001); ear swabs [4%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2%-6% versus 0.8%, 95% CI: 0.6%-0.9%]; and topical eardrops administered (11%, 95% CI: 7%-15% versus 5%, 95% CI: 4%-5%); but not more likely to receive oral antibiotics (72% versus 76%); have ear syringing (1% versus 0.2%); be referred to an otolaryngologist (6% versus 3%) or audiologist (2% versus 1%); all P > 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: In the Australian primary healthcare setting, indigenous children are 5 times more likely to be diagnosed with severe otitis media than nonindigenous children, but reported management is not substantially different, which is inconsistent with established national guidelines. This spectrum-management discordance may contribute to continued worse outcomes for indigenous children with otitis media.
%Z FOR Codes: 111701


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wiggins, Kathryn J
%A Johnson, David W
%A Craig, Jonathan C
%A Strippoli, Giovanni F M
%T Treatment of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
%B American journal of kidney diseases
%D 2007
%C US
%I WB Saunders Co.
%V 50
%N 6
%P 967-988
%@ 0272-6386
%X BACKGROUND: Peritonitis frequently complicates peritoneal dialysis. Appropriate treatment is essential to reduce adverse outcomes. Available trial evidence about peritoneal dialysis peritonitis treatment was evaluated. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR STUDIES: The Cochrane CENTRAL Registry (2005 issue), MEDLINE (1966 to February 2006), EMBASE (1985 to February 2006), and reference lists were searched to identify randomized trials of treatments for patients with peritoneal dialysis peritonitis. INTERVENTIONS: Trials of antibiotics (comparisons of routes, agents, and dosing regimens), fibrinolytic agents, peritoneal lavage, and intraperitoneal immunoglobulin. OUTCOMES: Treatment failure, relapse, catheter removal, microbiological eradication, hospitalization, all-cause mortality, and adverse reactions. RESULTS: 36 eligible trials were identified: 30 trials (1,800 patients) of antibiotics; 4 trials (229 patients) of urokinase; 1 trial of peritoneal lavage (36 patients); and 1 trial of intraperitoneal immunoglobulin (24 patients). No superior antimicrobial class was identified. In particular, glycopeptides and first-generation cephalosporins were equivalent (3 trials, 387 patients; relative risk [RR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 3.58). Simultaneous catheter removal/replacement was superior to urokinase at decreasing treatment failures (1 trial, 37 patients; RR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.13 to 4.91). Continuous and intermittent intraperitoneal antibiotic dosing were equivalent regarding treatment failure (4 trials, 338 patients; RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.37 to 1.30) and relapse (4 trials, 324 patients; RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.39). One trial showed superiority of intraperitoneal antibiotics over intravenous therapy. LIMITATIONS: The method quality of trials generally was suboptimal and outcome definitions were inconsistent. Small patient numbers led to inadequate power to show an effect. Interventions, such as optimal duration of antibiotic therapy, were not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Trials did not identify superior antibiotic regimens. Intermittent and continuous antibiotic dosing are equivalent treatment strategies.
%Z FOR Codes: 110312


%0 Journal Article
%A McTaggart, S
%A Alexander, S
%A Craig, Jonathan
%T Use of darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp) in pediatric kidney disease
%B Pediatric Nephrology
%D 2007
%C Germany
%I Springer
%V 22
%N 
%P 1472
%@ 0931-041X
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110312