%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Nguyen, Ha
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Martiniuk, Alexandra
%A Pham, Cuong
%T Catastrophic household costs due to injury in Vietnam.
%B Injury
%D 2013
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 44
%N 5
%P 684-690
%@ 0020-1383
%X OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the costs of injury and their impact on injured persons and their families in Vietnam. This study aimed to examine the cost of injury in hospitalised patients and to identify the most costly injuries and those more likely to result in catastrophic household expenditure. METHOD: A prospective cohort study was conducted, recruiting individuals admitted to Thai Binh General Hospital due to injury in Vietnam from January to August 2010. During the hospitalisation period, data on expenditure including direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect costs were collected. Demographic and injury characteristics were also obtained. The associations between the risk of catastrophic expenditure and injury cause, severity and principal injured region were examined by modified Poisson regression approach. Payment of more than 40% of the household non-subsistence spending was considered a catastrophic expenditure. RESULTS: Of 918 patients approached, 892 (97%) were recruited. Total costs for all participants during the hospitalisation period were US$ 325,812. Patients admitted for road injury accounted for the largest number of injuries (n=477, 53%), and the largest percentage of the total costs (US$ 175,044, 57%). This was followed by individuals hospitalised due to falls, representing 29% of the sample (n=261) and 31% of the total costs (US$ 103,128). In terms of cost per hospital stay, burn injuries were the most costly (US$ 427), followed by falls (US$ 395) and road crashes (US$ 367). Of all sample, 26% experienced catastrophic expenditure due to their injuries. Factors significantly associated with increased risk of catastrophic expenditure were having more severe or higher MAIS injuries (RR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.14-3.57), principal injured region to lower extremities (RR=3.34, 95% CI: 1.41-7.91) or head (RR=3.21, 95% CI: 1.37-7.52), longer hospital stay (RR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.07-1.10), older age, lower income and not having insurance (RR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.21-2.21). CONCLUSION: A high proportion of households experienced catastrophic expenditure following injury, highlighting the important need for programmes to prevent injuries, road traffic and fall-related injuries in particular. Furthermore, expansion of health insurance coverage may help individuals cope with the financial consequences of injury.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Keay, Lisa
%A Hunter, Kate
%A Brown, Julie
%A Bilston, Lynne E
%A Simpson, Judy M
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%T Child restraint use in low socio-economic areas of urban Sydney during transition to new legislation.
%B Accident Analysis and Prevention
%D 2013
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 50
%N 
%P 984-991
%@ 1879-2057
%X Child restraints protect a young child against injury in crashes but best practice child restraint use is low in Australia, particularly among lower socio-economic groups. We investigated factors associated with restraint use to inform the development of education and distribution programmes to support new Australian legislation on child passengers among families in low socio-economic areas of metropolitan Sydney. We interviewed a parent or carer of 1160 children aged 2-5 years enrolled at one of 28 early childhood centres in low socio-economic areas of urban Sydney. Appropriate child restraint use was defined as a forward facing child restraint (FFCR) for 2-3 year olds and a FFCR or booster seat for children aged 4 years or more. Predictors of self-reported appropriate use were explored using logistic regression. Analysis was conducted on one child from each family in the target age range (2-5 years): 586 (51%) were male and the mean age was 3.5 (Standard Deviation 0.8) years. There were 432 (45%) families with annual income below $60,000, 248 (22%) spoke a language other than English at home and 360 (33%) had 3 or more children. Fifty-four percent of carers indicated that their 2-3 year old children travelled in a FFCR. Inappropriate use among children in this age group was more likely when the carer was <36 years (odds ratio (OR) 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-2.45), in families with ???3 children (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.10-2.44) and when the carer believed that a booster seat was just as safe as a FFCR (OR 2.98, 2.05-4.32). Eight-eight percent of carers of 4-5 year olds reported use of a booster seat or FFCR. Non-use was associated with low household income (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.67-5.75), in families with ???3 children (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.09-3.76) and families where a language other than English is spoken at home (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.10-5.21). Non-English speaking families had less awareness of the new law and poorer knowledge of safety benefits of child restraints. They also had lower household incomes and more concerns about cost of child restraints and booster seats. These findings can inform development of interventions to promote best practice child restraint use, which will reach non-English speaking families in this region. They also confirm the importance of economic and logistic barriers to best practice child restraint use.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Nguyen, Ha
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Martiniuk, Alexandra L C
%A Li, Qiang
%A Pham, Cuong
%T The economic burden of road traffic injuries: evidence from a provincial general hospital in Vietnam.
%B Injury Prevention
%D 2013
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 19
%N 12
%P 79-84
%@ 1475-5785
%X ObjectiveTo examine the costs of road traffic injuries (RTIs) in Vietnam and factors associated with increased costs.MethodRTI data were collected in a prospective cohort study on the impact of injuries in Vietnam. Participants were persons admitted to the Thai Binh General Hospital because of RTI. All costs incurred by participants and their family members during hospitalisation were collected, including direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and indirect costs. Generalised linear models were employed to examine predictors of increased costs including demographic and injury context characteristics.ResultsEach RTI hospitalisation costs the patient and family on average US$363 or 6 months of average salary. Income, injury severity, principal region of injury and length of hospital stay were statistically significant predictors of increased costs; age, gender, occupation and road user group were not. After controlling for injury characteristics and income, participants with principal injuries to the lower extremities had a cost 1.28 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.54) times higher than those with principal injuries to the face. Analyses of motorcycle-related RTIs with principal injury to the head also showed increased costs among those without a helmet (1.41 times higher, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.71).ConclusionsRTIs can cause a substantial economic burden to the patient and family. During hospitalisation on average, an RTI would cost approximately 6 months of salary. In addition to interventions to decrease the risk of RTIs, those reducing the severity, such as wearing a motorcycle helmet, should be enforced to minimise the economic and health consequences of injury.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Sharwood, Lisa N
%A Elkington, Jane
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Grunstein, Ronald R
%A Meuleners, Lynn
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Haworth, Narelle
%A Norton, Robyn
%A Wong, Keith K
%T Assessing sleepiness and sleep disorders in Australian long-distance commercial vehicle drivers: self-report versus an "at home" monitoring device.
%B Sleep
%D 2012
%C United States
%I The American Academy of Sleep Medicine
%V 35
%N 4
%P 469-475
%@ 0161-8105
%X As obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with a higher risk of motor vehicle crashes, there is increasing regulatory interest in the identification of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers with this condition. This study aimed to determine the relationship between subjective versus objective assessment of OSA in CMV drivers.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Ali, Maria
%A Nguyen, Ha T
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Vu, Thien C
%A Nguyen, Duyen T Y
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Pham, Cuong V
%A Nguyen, An T T
%T Child injury prevention in Vietnam: achievements and challenges.
%B International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Taylor & Francis Ltd.
%V 19
%N 2
%P 123-129
%@ 1745-7319
%X As with other South Asian countries, injury is becoming a leading cause of death and morbidity among children in Vietnam. In response to the increasing burden of child injury, government and non-government agencies in Vietnam have combined efforts during the last decade to develop and implement various child injury prevention strategies and programmes. This article provides, through a review of relevant documents and interviews with major stakeholders, an overview of these efforts and highlights major challenges to child injury prevention in the country. The findings point to notable achievements in terms of increasing awareness of injury facing children at all levels in the community and developing a sound injury prevention policy framework in a relatively short period of time. However, much needs to be done to implement necessary environmental and legislative changes, strengthen child injury surveillance and injury prevention research; and to improve access to health services. The insight into the experience of Vietnam could benefit other low- and middle-income countries with a high burden of child injury.
%Z FOR Codes: 111704


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A de Rome, L
%A Ivers, R
%A Fitzharris, M
%A Haworth, N
%A Heritier, S
%A Richardson, D
%T Effectiveness of motorcycle protective clothing: Riders' health outcomes in the six months following a crash.
%B Injury
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 43
%N 12
%P 2035-2045
%@ 0020-1383
%X BACKGROUND: Little is known about the contribution of protective clothing worn in motorcycle crashes to subsequent health-related outcomes, impairment and quality of life. METHODS: A prospective cohort of 212 adult motorcyclists were recruited following presentations to hospitals or crash repair services in a defined geographic area in Australia between June 2008 and July 2009. Data was obtained from participant interviews and medical records at baseline, then by mailed survey two and six months post-crash (n=146, 69%). The exposure factor was usage of protective clothing classified as full protection (motorcycle jacket and pants), partial protection (motorcycle jacket) and unprotected (neither). Outcomes of interest included general health status (Short Form SF-36), disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire) treatment and recovery progress, quality of life and return to work in the six months post-crash. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated for categorical outcomes using multiple logistic regression to assess differences in outcomes associated with levels of protection adjusted for potential confounders including age, sex, occupation, speed and type of impact. Non-parametric procedures were used for data that was not normally distributed. RESULTS: Compared to unprotected riders, both fully and partially protected riders had fewer days in hospital and reported less pain immediately post-crash; at two months both protection groups were less likely to have disabilities or reductions in physical function. By six months there were no significant differences in disability or physical function between groups, but both protection groups were more likely to be fully recovered and returned to pre-crash work than unprotected riders. Fully protected riders achieved better outcomes than either partially or unprotected riders on most measures. There were few significant differences between the full and partial protection groups although the latter showed greater impairment in physical health two months post-crash. CONCLUSIONS: We found strong associations between use of protective clothing and mitigation of the consequences of injury in terms of post-crash health and well-being. Given this evidence it seems likely that the use of protective clothing will confer significant benefits to riders in the event of a crash.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Keay, Lisa
%A Hunter, Kate
%A Brown, Julie
%A Simpson, Judy M
%A Bilston, Lynne E
%A Elliott, Maureen
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%T Evaluation of an Education, Restraint Distribution, and Fitting Program to Promote Correct Use of Age-Appropriate Child Restraints for Children Aged 3 to 5 Years: A Cluster Randomized Trial.
%B American Journal of Public Health
%D 2012
%C United States
%I American Public Health Association
%V 102
%N 12
%P e96-e102
%@ 1541-0048
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Stevenson, Mark R
%A Ngoan, Le Tran
%A Hung, Dang Viet
%A Huong Tu, Nguyen Thi
%A Mai, Anh Luong
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Huong, Hoang Thanh
%T Evaluation of the Vietnamese A6 mortality reporting system: injury as a cause of death.
%B Injury Prevention
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 18
%N 6
%P 360-364
%@ 1475-5785
%X BackgroundDespite the fact that the A6 mortality reporting system has been operating for almost 20 years in Vietnam, there has been no systematic evaluation of the system. This study assesses the completeness, sensitivity and positive predictive value of the system in relation to injury related mortality.MethodsEvaluation of the A6 system was undertaken in three (geographically distributed) provinces in Vietnam. Deaths identified in the A6 system were compared with deaths identified by an independent consensus panel to determine the per cent completeness of the A6 system. Verbal autopsies (VA) were conducted for all identified deaths from the consensus panels, and the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the A6 system were assessed using the VAs as the reference.Results5273 deaths were identified from the A6 system with a further 340 cases identified by the independent consensus panel (total n=5613). Injury related deaths accounted for 13.6% (n=763) of all deaths with an overall injury mortality rate of 55.3 per 100?000 person years. The per cent completeness of the A6 system in relation to injury deaths was 93.9% with a sensitivity of 75.4%, specificity of 98.4% and positive predictive value of 88.4%.ConclusionsThe A6 mortality reporting system is embedded within the commune health system and is the lead mortality reporting system for the Ministry of Health. The system performs well in relation to its completeness and classification of injury related deaths. With further enhancements and ongoing support from government and donor agencies, the A6 system will be a valuable resource for identifying and planning preventive strategies targeting the leading causes of injury related deaths in Vietnam.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Jagnoor, Jagnoor
%A Keay, Lisa
%A Ganguli, Atreyi
%A Dandona, Rakhi
%A Thakur, J S
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Cumming, Robert
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%T Fall related injuries: A retrospective medical review study in North India.
%B Injury
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 43
%N 12
%P 1996-2000
%@ 0020-1383
%X INTRODUCTION: Falls have been identified as a leading cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality in India. However, very little is known about the context and characteristics of such falls. The aim of this study was to describe the context and characteristics of fall related injuries in patients admitted to hospital for fall injury. METHODS: Medical records of patients presenting at the Emergency Department of the Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh, India between March 2008 and February 2009, were reviewed by trained investigators. All injury cases were identified and fall related injury cases were assigned an ICD 10, Chapter XX, External causes of morbidity and mortality code. A review of medical records was conducted to determine the context, nature and site of injury associated with a fall event. RESULTS: Ten percent (7049) of hospital emergency presentations were due to injuries, and falls were the second leading cause (20%, 1407). Seventy-six percent of the fall related presentations were in males. More than one third (36%) of the fall related presentations occurred in those aged 0-14 years old. Falls from building or structures (35%, 499) were the leading cause for all ages except for those older than 60 years, where same level falls due to slipping, tripping and stumbling (40%, 57) were predominant. Half of all the falls resulted in head injury. Nearly 10% of patients presenting for fall related injury died. CONCLUSION: Fall related injuries are an important contributor to hospital emergency presentations, particularly falls from buildings in children, and slips and trips in older people. Given the high proportion of falls that resulted in head injury and death, there is a significant need to develop appropriate interventions to prevent such falls.
%Z FOR Codes: 111702 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A de Rome, Liz
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%T Risk factors for severe injury in cyclists involved in traffic crashes in Victoria, Australia.
%B Accident Analysis & Prevention
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd.
%V 49
%N 
%P 404-409
%@ 1879-2057
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%T The role of epidemiology in improving the evidence base in injury prevention and trauma care.
%B Injury
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 43
%N 4
%P 395-396
%@ 0020-1383
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Steinbeck, Katharine
%A Hazell, Philip
%A Cumming, Robert G
%A Skinner, S Rachel
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Booy, Robert
%A Fulcher, Greg
%A Handelsman, David J
%A Martin, Andrew J
%A Morgan, Geoff
%A Starling, Jean
%A Bauman, Adrian
%A Rawsthorne, Margot L
%A Bennett, David L
%A Chow, Chin Moi
%A Lam, Mary K
%A Kelly, Patrick
%A Brown, Ngiare J
%A Paxton, Karen
%A Hawke, Catherine
%T The study design and methodology for the ARCHER study - adolescent rural cohort study of hormones, health, education, environments and relationships.
%B BMC Pediatrics
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 12
%N 1
%P 143
%@ 1471-2431
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111403 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Jagnoor, Jagnoor
%A Suraweera, Wilson
%A Keay, Lisa
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Thakur, Js
%A Jha, Prabhat
%A , Million Death Study Collaborators
%T Unintentional injury mortality in India, 2005: Nationally representative mortality survey of 1.1 million homes.
%B BMC Public Health
%D 2012
%C United States
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 12
%N 
%P 487
%@ 1471-2458
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chen, H Y
%A Jan, S
%A Boufous, S
%A Martiniuk, A L C
%A Ivers, R
%A Senserrick, T
%A Norton, R
%A Muscatello, D
%T Variations in car crash-related hospitalization costs amongst young adults in New South Wales, Australia.
%B Injury
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 43
%N 9
%P 1593-1599
%@ 0020-1383
%X BACKGROUND: This study aims to examine factors associated with variation in crash-related hospitalization costs for young adults in New South Wales (NSW), Australia with a particular focus on types of vehicle occupant, rurality of residence and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: Data on patients aged 17-25 years, admitted to public hospitals due to a crash during July 2000-June 2007 were extracted from the NSW Health Admission Collection database. The hospitalization cost of each admission was calculated based on published charges for specific Australian Refined-Diagnosis Related Groups (AR-DRG). Multivariable analyses using generalized estimating equations were used to estimate costs by vehicle occupant type (driver, passenger and other occupants), rurality of residence (urban, regional and rural areas) and SES (low, moderate and high SES areas). RESULTS: During 2000-2007, there were 11,892 crash-related hospitalizations involving young adults, aged 17-25 years, in NSW. These cost the health sector about A$87.6 million or on average, A$7363 per hospitalization (mean length of stay (LOS) 5.3 days). Compared to drivers, passengers had significantly longer LOS (<0.01) as well as higher hospitalization costs (p=0.04). Regional and rural young adults had significantly longer LOS and higher hospitalization costs compared to urban young adults (p<0.05). Compared with young adults from high SES areas, young adults from moderate SES areas had significantly higher costs (p=0.02), whilst the higher costs for young adults of low SES areas was borderline significant (p=0.06), although differences in LOS by SES were not significant. CONCLUSION: Annually, young adults'' crashes in NSW were estimated to cost the health sector at least A$14.6 million between 2001 and 2007. The higher hospitalization costs and LOS for young adults living in regional and rural vs. urban areas, and those living in moderate and low SES vs. high SES areas partly reflects the severity of these crashes and challenges for treatment. Based on these findings, a strong economic argument can be made for targeting prevention strategies to young people living in rural and low SES areas. The area variations in costs also suggest some scope for policy makers to consider potentially more efficient ways of targeting both treatment and preventative programmes.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Stevenson, Mark
%T Attempts at the practical on-road driving test and the hazard perception test and the risk of traffic crashes in young drivers.
%B Traffic Injury Prevention
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Taylor & Francis Inc.
%V 12
%N 5
%P 475-482
%@ 1538-957X
%X Objective: This study separately examined the impact of the outcomes of a practical on-road driving test and a hazard perception test on the likelihood of traffic crashes among a cohort of newly licensed young drivers in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.    Methods: The DRIVE study is a prospective cohort study of drivers aged 17 to 24 years holding their first-year provisional driver license in NSW. Information obtained from 20,822 participants in a detailed baseline questionnaire was linked to information on the number of attempts at a mandatory practical on-road driving test and hazard perception test as well as police-reported traffic crashes.    Results: After controlling for a number of sociodemographic and behavioral factors as well as factors related to driver learning experiences, multivariate analysis showed that those who failed the practical on-road test at least 4 times had an increased risk of involvement in a traffic crash compared to those who passed the test at first attempt (relative risk [RR]: 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-2.65). The crash risk among those who failed the practical on-road test at least 4 times was particularly high in females (RR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.20-3.68). Similarly, those who failed the hazard perception test at least twice had an increased risk of involvement in a traffic crash (RR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.27-2.63) compared to those who passed the test on the first attempt. The crash risk of those who failed the hazard perception test at least twice was particularly high in males (RR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5-4.1) and among those from rural and remote areas (RR: 5.53, 95% CI: 1.63-18.71).    Conclusions: The findings have implications on licensing practices and suggest the need for adequate strategies to assist young drivers with multiple failures in the driving and hazard perception tests.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Keay, Lisa
%A Brown, Julie
%A Bilston, Lynne E
%A Hunter, Kate
%A Simpson, Judy M
%A Stevenson, Mark
%T Buckle up safely: a cluster randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a pre-school based program to increase appropriate use of child restraints.
%B BMC Public Health
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 11
%N 
%P 16
%@ 1471-2458
%X Road traffic crashes for car occupants are a leading cause of death and serious injury in children from high and middle income countries globally. Correct use of appropriate child restraints can significantly reduce death and serious injury but there is a need for well powered trials to examine effectiveness of programs to increase optimal child restraint practices. The aim of this trial is to examine the effectiveness of a comprehensive intervention to increase the use of appropriate child restraints, and decrease incorrect use of child restraints in pre-school aged children traveling in cars.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Jagnoor, Jagnoor
%A Suraweera, Wilson
%A Keay, Lisa
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Thakur, J S
%A Gururaj, Gopalkrishna
%A Jha, Prabhat
%A , Million Death Study Collaborators
%T Childhood and adult mortality from unintentional falls in India.
%B Bulletin of the World Health Organization
%D 2011
%C Switzerland
%I World Health Organization
%V 89
%N 10
%P 733-740
%@ 1564-0604
%X To estimate fall-related mortality by type of fall in India.
%Z FOR Codes: 111702 111711


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Rome, Liz De
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%T Cycling crashes in children, adolescents, and adults-a comparative analysis.
%B Traffic Injury Prevention
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Taylor & Francis Inc.
%V 12
%N 3
%P 244-250
%@ 1538-957X
%X Objective: To compare rates, circumstances, and outcomes of cyclist crashes between children (aged 0-9 years), adolescents (aged 10-19 years), and adults (aged 20 years and over) in Victoria, Australia. Methods: A retrospective analysis of cyclist crashes in police records and the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset during the period 2004-2008. Results: Adolescent cyclists had the highest rates, per 100 000 people, of police-reported (32.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.7-34.5) and hospitalized cyclist crashes (71.6, 95% CI: 68.7-74.4). Police-reported helmet use at the time of the crash was lowest among children (57.1%, 95% CI: 49.5-64.8) compared to 60.2 percent (95% CI: 57.3-63.1) in adolescents and 77.7 percent (95% CI: 76.5-78.8) in adults. This was reflected in the hospital data, which indicated that more than one third of cyclist hospitalizations among children (37.4%) resulted in head injuries compared to around 1 in 4 hospitalized cyclist crashes in adolescents (26.8%) and adults (23.7%). Cyclists emerging off a footpath into the path of a vehicle as well as cyclists struck by vehicles emerging form a driveway were the most frequent types of police-reported crashes involving children (73.9%) and adolescents (48.1%). In contrast, most adult cyclist crashes occurred on the roadway, mainly at intersections. Conclusions: Programs to improve the safety knowledge and behavior of children and adolescent cyclists, particularly focusing on helmet use, should be part of a comprehensive approach that encompasses legislative and environmental changes, including appropriate cyclist facilities and reduced speed limit in residential areas.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A de Rome, Liz
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Fitzharris, Michael
%A Du, Wei
%A Haworth, Narelle
%A Heritier, Stephane
%A Richardson, Drew
%T Motorcycle protective clothing: Protection from injury or just the weather?
%B Accident Analysis & Prevention
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 43
%N 6
%P 1893-900
%@ 1879-2057
%X Apart from helmets, little is known about the effectiveness of motorcycle protective clothing in reducing injuries in crashes. The study aimed to quantify the association between usage of motorcycle clothing and injury in crashes.
%Z FOR Codes: 111716 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%T Motorcycle rider training.
%B Injury Prevention
%D 2011
%C United States
%I BMJ Group
%V 17
%N 1
%P 66
%@ 1475-5785
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A de Rome, Liz
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Haworth, Narelle
%A Heritier, Stephane
%A Du, Wei
%A Fitzharris, Michael
%T Novice riders and the predictors of riding without motorcycle protective clothing.
%B Accident Analysis and Prevention
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 43
%N 3
%P 1095-1103
%@ 1879-2057
%X While helmet usage is often mandated, few motorcycle and scooter riders make full use of protection for the rest of the body. Little is known about the factors associated with riders'' usage or non-usage of protective clothing.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Xuequn, Yu
%A Ke, Liang
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Du, Wei
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%T Prevalence rates of helmet use among motorcycle riders in a developed region in China.
%B Accident Analysis and Prevention
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 43
%N 1
%P 214-219
%@ 1879-2057
%X This study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of helmet use, and of correct helmet use (chinstrap firmly fastened) among motorcycle riders and their passengers in Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China. A cross-sectional survey involving direct observation of motorcycle riders was conducted at 20 randomly selected intersections. A total of 13,410 motorcycles were observed during a 10-day period in February 2009. The overall prevalence of helmet use was 72.6% (95% CI: 71.8-73.3%) among drivers and 34.1% (95% CI: 32.7-35.5%) among pillion passengers. The prevalence of correct use was 43.2% (95% CI: 42.4-44.0%) and 20.9% (95% CI: 19.8-22.1%) for drivers and passengers respectively. The helmet wearing rate on city streets was almost 95%, however city riders were more likely than rural riders to wear non-motorcycle helmets while riding. In multivariate analyses, factors associated with increased helmet use included riding on city streets, male gender, being a driver, carrying less passengers and riding a registered motorcycle. The results indicated enforcement and education activities need to be strengthened with respect to both helmet use and helmet quality, especially in rural areas, in order to improve wearing rates.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hinchcliff, R
%A Poulos, R
%A Ivers, R Q
%A Senserrick, T
%T Understanding novice driver policy agenda setting.
%B Public Health
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I W.B. Saunders Co. Ltd.
%V 125
%N 4
%P 217-221
%@ 1476-5616
%X Despite the acute impact of road trauma involving novice drivers, there have been few efforts to identify the main factors influencing the novice driver policy agenda. Increasing the transparency of such policy dynamics may help inform future novice driver policy agenda-setting processes, as well as those in other public health settings.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Jagnoor, Jagnoor
%A Bassani, Diego G
%A Keay, Lisa
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Thakur, J S
%A Gururaj, G
%A Jha, Prabhat
%A , Million Death Study Collaborators
%T Unintentional injury deaths among children younger than 5 years of age in India: a nationally representative study.
%B Injury Prevention
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I B M J Group
%V 17
%N 3
%P 151-155
%@ 1475-5785
%X To determine the mortality burden associated with unintentional injuries among children younger than 5 years of age in India.
%Z FOR Codes: 111704


%0 Journal Article
%A de Rome, Liz
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Haworth, Narelle
%A Heritier, Stephane
%A Fitzharris, Michael
%A Du, Wei
%T A survey of novice riders and their riding experience prior to licensing
%B Transportation Research Record
%D 2010
%C United States
%I US National Research Council Transportation
%V 0
%N 
%P 75-81
%@ 0361-1981
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Norton, Robyn
%A Williamson, Ann
%T Accuracy of self-report of on-road crashes and traffic offences in a cohort of young drivers: the DRIVE study.
%B Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 16
%N 4
%P 275-7
%@ 1475-5785
%X In order to determine the accuracy of self-report of on-road crashes and traffic offences among participants in the DRIVE study, 2991 young drivers in New South Wales, Australia who completed the follow-up questionnaire were asked whether they had been involved in an on-road crash or were convicted for a traffic offence while driving during the year prior to the survey. This information was linked to police crash data to determine the level of accuracy of self-report of on-road crashes. There was a high level of accuracy in young drivers'' self-report of police recorded crashes (85.1%; 95% CI 78.2% to 92.1%) and of police recorded traffic offences (83.0%; 95% CI 79.4% to 86.6%). Results suggest that surveys may be useful tools for estimating the incidence of on-road crashes and traffic offences in young drivers. The findings are particularly relevant to jurisdictions where access to administrative data is limited.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Conference Proceedings
%~ PubMed
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Norton, Robyn
%A Williamson, Anne
%T Association between Supervisory Driver Offences and Novice Driver Crashes Post-Licensure.
%B Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine
%D 2010
%C October 17-20, Las Vegas, United States
%I Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medi
%V 54
%N 
%P 309-312
%@ 1943-247X
%E ., .
%X This research explore associations between driving offences of learner supervisory drivers and subsequent crashes as novice independent drivers in a prospective cohort of 20,822 drivers aged 17-24 in New South Wales, Australia, on their first independent driver licence. Information on demographics, primary supervisory drivers, and various risk factors was collected via an online questionnaire and subsequently linked to police-reported crashes two years later. Poisson regression determined that the unadjusted relative risk of crash was 1.35 (CI 1.14-1.60) for novices whose supervisors had offences, with this association remaining when adjusting for supervisor age, gender and relationship to the novice (RR=1.37, CI 1.16-1.63), but not when additionally controlling for novice driver demographics and characteristics (RR=1.50, CI 0.83-2.70). These findings suggest newly-licensed drivers previously supervised by drivers with recent traffic offences have a one-third higher risk of crashing. This risk is independent of the supervisor demographics, but mitigated by the young drivers'' personal characteristics. Careful consideration should be given to policy developments regarding supervised driving requirements that rely heavily on parents to adopt this role.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Dandona, Rakhi
%A Kumar, G Anil
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Joshi, Rohina
%A Neal, Bruce
%A Dandona, Lalit
%T Characteristics of non-fatal fall injuries in rural India.
%B Injury Prevention
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 16
%N 3
%P 166-171
%@ 1475-5785
%X Little is known about the context, risk factors and severity of non-fatal fall-related injury in India.
%Z FOR Codes: 110699


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Martiniuk, Alexandra L C
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Glozier, Nick
%A Patton, George C
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Lam, Lawrence T
%A Williamson, Ann
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Woodward, Mark
%A Norton, Robyn
%T Does Psychological Distress Increase the Risk for Motor Vehicle Crashes in Young People? Findings From the DRIVE Study.
%B Journal of Adolescent Health
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Elsevier Inc.
%V 47
%N 5
%P 488-495
%@ 1879-1972
%X PURPOSE: Earlier research demonstrates increased and decreased risk of crash related to psychological distress; however, previous literature has almost entirely used retrospective study designs and has not been able to adequately control for important confounders such as exposure to driving, alcohol and drug use, or having had a previous crash. This study aimed to assess the relationship between psychological distress and risk of motor vehicle crashes. METHODS: The DRIVE study is a prospective cohort study of 20,822 novice drivers aged 17-24 years in Australia. Information on risk factors for motor vehicle crash was collected through online questionnaire and subsequently linked to police-reported crashes. Poisson regression was used to analyze risk of various crash types by low, moderate, high, and very high levels of psychological distress, taking into account other known risk factors for crash. RESULTS: Compared to the referent group with low or no distress, a protective effect against crash was observed for young people who reported a moderate amount of psychological distress in unadjusted (RR = .87; 95% CI = .76-1.00) and multivariable analyses (RR = .85; 95% CI = .74-.97). Severe psychological distress was not significantly associated with an increase or decrease in the risk of crash. Psychological distress was not significantly associated with an increased risk of single vehicle crash. CONCLUSION: Earlier studies may have overestimated risk for motor vehicle crashes associated with psychological distress. This study found little convincing evidence to support a strong risk relationship for higher levels of distress and indeed found a modest protective association for low levels of distress.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Haran, Mark J
%A Cameron, Ian D
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Simpson, Judy M
%A Lee, Bonsan B
%A Tanzer, Michael
%A Porwal, Mamta
%A Kwan, Marcella M S
%A Severino, Connie
%A Lord, Stephen R
%T Effect on falls of providing single lens distance vision glasses to multifocal glasses wearers: VISIBLE randomised controlled trial.
%B BMJ
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Uni
%I BMJ Group
%V 340
%N 
%P c2265
%@ 1468-5833
%X OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the provision of single lens distance glasses to older wearers of multifocal glasses reduces falls. DESIGN: Parallel randomised controlled trial stratified by recruitment site and source of referral, with 13 months'' follow-up and outcome assessors blinded to group allocation. SETTING: Community recruitment and treatment room assessments in Sydney and Illawarra regions of NSW, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 606 regular wearers of multifocal glasses (mean age 80 (SD 7) years). Inclusion criteria included increased risk of falls (fall in previous year or timed up and go test >15 seconds) and outdoor use of multifocal glasses at least three times a week. INTERVENTIONS: Provision of single lens distance glasses with recommendations for wearing them for walking and outdoor activities compared with usual care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of falls and injuries resulting from falls during follow-up. RESULTS: Single lens glasses were provided to 275 (90%) of the 305 intervention group participants within two months; 162 (54%) of the intervention group reported satisfactory use of distance glasses for walking and outdoor activities for at least 7/12 months after dispensing. In the 299 intervention and 298 control participants available to follow-up, the intervention resulted in an 8% reduction in falls (incidence rate ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.73 to 1.16). Pre-planned sub-group analyses showed that the intervention was effective in significantly reducing all falls (incidence rate ratio 0.60, 0.42 to 0.87), outside falls, and injurious falls in people who regularly took part in outside activities. A significant increase in outside falls occurred in people in the intervention group who took part in little outside activity. CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate counselling, provision of single lens glasses for older wearers of multifocal glasses who take part in regular outdoor activities is an effective falls prevention strategy. The intervention may be harmful, however, in multifocal glasses wearers with low levels of outdoor activity. Trial registration Clinical trials NCT00350855.
%Z FOR Codes: 110321


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chen, H Y
%A Senserrick, T
%A Martiniuk, A L C
%A Ivers, R Q
%A Boufous, S
%A Chang, H Y
%A Norton, R
%T Fatal crash trends for Australian young drivers 1997-2007: Geographic and socioeconomic differentials.
%B Journal of Safety Research
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Unit
%I Pergamon
%V 41
%N 2
%P 123-128
%@ 1879-1247
%X BACKGROUND: Little has been published on changes in young driver fatality rates over time. This paper examines differences in Australian young driver fatality rates over the last decade, examining important risk factors including place of residence and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: Young driver (17-25years) police-recorded passenger vehicle crashes were extracted from New South Wales State records from 1997-2007. Rurality of residence and SES were classified into three levels based on drivers'' residential postcode: urban, regional, or rural; and high, moderate, or low SES areas. Geographic and SES disparities in trends of fatality rates were examined by the generalized linear model. Chi-square trend test was used to examine the distributions of posted speed limits, drinking driving, fatigue, seatbelt use, vehicle age, night-time driving, and the time from crash to death across rurality and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Young driver fatality rate significantly decreased 5% per year (p<0.05); however, stratified analyses (by rurality and by SES) showed that only the reduction among urban drivers was significant (average 5% decrease per year, p<0.01). The higher relative risk of fatality for rural versus urban drivers, and for drivers of low versus high SES remained unchanged over the last decade. High posted speed limits, fatigue, drink driving and seatbelt non-use were significantly associated with rural fatalities, whereas high posted speed limit, fatigue, and driving an older vehicle were significantly related to low SES fatality. CONCLUSION: The constant geographic and SES disparities in young driver fatality rates highlight safety inequities for those living in rural areas and those of low SES. Better targeted interventions are needed, including attention to behavioral risk factors and vehicle age.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hinchcliff, R
%A Chapman, S
%A Ivers, R Q
%A Senserrick, T
%A Du, W
%T Media framing of graduated licensing policy debates.
%B Accident Analysis & Prevention
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Unit
%I Elsevier Ireland Ltd
%V 42
%N 4
%P 1283-1287
%@ 1879-2057
%X BACKGROUND: The overrepresentation of young drivers in road trauma statistics produces significant media interest. Graduated licensing restrictions involving night-time curfews and restrictions on passenger numbers are prominent topics within media coverage. This was particularly apparent in Australia between January 2004 and July 2008, when various models of either restriction were introduced in four states. METHODS: Australian newspaper and Sydney free-to-air television coverage during the peak period were analysed to identify the framing strategies used by news actors supporting or opposing these policies. RESULTS: Fifteen frames were identified. These predominantly assessed the proposed restrictions in terms of their need, evidence base, practicality and the degree to which they were consonant with ''commonsense'' perceptions and had community support. While expert road injury reduction news actors primarily emphasised their moral imperative and likely effectiveness, opponents stressed their impracticality and proposed alternative solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Research evidence is only one component of information presented as policy-relevant in policy discourse conducted in news media. Policy reform advocates using the media to advocate for evidence-based policies in road injury prevention need to appreciate that evidence is not the only currency exchanged in such debates and should study opponents'' rhetoric in order to anticipate and counteract the framing strategies being used.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Kardamanidis, Katina
%A Martiniuk, Alexandra
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Stevenson, Mark R
%A Thistlethwaite, Katrina
%T Motorcycle rider training for the prevention of road traffic crashes.
%B Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
%V 10
%N 
%P CD005240
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Riding a motorcycle (a two-wheeled vehicle that is powered by a motor and has no pedals) is associated with a high risk of fatal crashes, particularly in new riders. Motorcycle rider training has therefore been suggested as an important means of reducing the number of crashes, and the severity of injuries. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effectiveness of pre- and post-licence motorcycle rider training on the reduction of traffic offences, traffic crash involvement, injuries and deaths of motorcycle riders. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 3), TRANSPORT, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, WHOLIS (World Health Organization Library Information System), PsycInfo, LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences), ISI Web of Science: Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), ERIC, ZETOC and SIGLE. Database searches covered all available dates up to October 2008. We also checked reference lists of relevant papers and contacted study authors in an effort to identify published, unpublished and ongoing trials related to motorcycle rider training. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all relevant intervention studies such as randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, interrupted time-series and observational studies such as cohort and case-control studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently analysed data about the study population, study design and methods, interventions and outcome measures as well as data quality from each included study, and compared the findings. We resolved differences by discussion with a third review author. MAIN RESULTS: We reviewed 23 studies: three randomised trials, two non-randomised trials, 14 cohort studies and four case-control studies. Five examined mandatory pre-licence training, 14 assessed non-mandatory training, three of the case-control studies assessed ''any'' type of rider training, and one case-control study assessed mandatory pre-licence training and non-mandatory training. The types of assessed rider training varied in duration and content.Most studies suffered from serious methodological weaknesses. Most studies were non-randomised and controlled poorly for confounders. Most studies also suffered from detection bias due to the poor use of outcome measurement tools such as the sole reliance upon police records or self-reported data. Small sample sizes and short follow-up time after training were also common. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Due to the poor quality of studies identified, we were unable to draw any conclusions about the effectiveness of rider training on crash, injury, or offence rates. The findings suggest that mandatory pre-licence training may be an impediment to completing a motorcycle licensing process, possibly indirectly reducing crashes through a reduction in exposure.??It is not clear if training (or what type) reduces the risk of crashes, injuries or offences in motorcyclists, and a best rider training practice can therefore not be recommended. As some type of rider training is likely to be necessary to teach motorcyclists to ride a motorcycle safely, rigorous research is needed.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Norton, Robyn
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Chen, Huei-Yang
%A Lam, Lawrence T
%T Risky Driving Behavior and Road Traffic Crashes Among Young Asian Australian Drivers: Findings From the DRIVE Study.
%B Traffic Injury Prevention
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Taylor & Francis Inc.
%V 11
%N 3
%P 222-227
%@ 1538-957X
%X Objective: To examine differences in risky driving behavior and likelihood of traffic crash according to the country of birth of recently licensed young drivers. The groups examined include those born in Australia, those born in Asia, and those born in other countries. Design and setting: The DRIVE study is a prospective cohort study of drivers aged 17-24 years holding their first-year provisional driver license in New South Wales, Australia. Information obtained from 20,822 participants who completed a baseline questionnaire was linked to police-reported traffic crashes. Main outcome measures: Self-reported risky driving behaviors and police-reported traffic crashes in young drivers. Results: Young drivers who were born in Asian countries were less likely to report engaging in risky driving behaviors than their Australian-born counterparts. The proportion of participants reporting a high level of risky driving was 31.5 percent (95% confidence intervale [CI], 30.8-32.1) among Australian-born drivers compared to 25.6 percent (95% CI, 23.1-28.2) among Asian-born drivers and 30.4 percent (95% CI, 28.4-32.5) among those born in other regions. Asian-born participants had half the risk of a crash as a driver than their Australian-born counterparts (relative risk [RR] 0.55; 95% CI, 0.41-0.75) after adjusting for a number of demographic factors and driving and risk-taking behaviors. The comparative risk was even lower among those aged 17 years (RR 0.29; 95% CI, 0.29-0.75). Risk estimates for people born in other regions did not differ to those for Australian-born respondents. Conclusions: The study highlights the lower level of risky driving and significantly reduced crash risk for Australian drivers born in Asian countries relative to those born locally. Further research is needed to examine factors underlying this reduced risk and the impact of the length of residence in the host country.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chen, H Y
%A Senserrick, T
%A Chang, H Y
%A Ivers, R Q
%A Martiniuk, A L C
%A Boufous, S
%A Norton, R
%T Road crash trends for young drivers in New South Wales, Australia, from 1997 to 2007.
%B Traffic Injury Prevention
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Taylor & Francis Inc.
%V 11
%N 1
%P 8-15
%@ 1538-957X
%X OBJECTIVES: The objective of this article was to explore overall crash and injury trends over the past decade for young drivers residing in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, including gender and age disparities. METHODS: Passenger vehicle crashes for drivers aged 17-25 occurring during 1997-2007 were extracted from the state crash database to calculate crash rates (per licensed driver). Generalized linear models were used to examine crash trends over time by severity of driver injury, adjusting for age, gender, rurality of residence, and socioeconomic status. Yearly adjusted relative risks of crash by gender and by age group were also examined over the study period. RESULTS: Young driver noninjury and fatality rates significantly decreased by an average of 4 percent (95% CI: 4-5) and 5 percent (95% CI: 0-9) respectively each year from 1997 to 2007. Young driver injury rates significantly increased by about 12 percent (95% CI: 9-14) to the year 2001 and then significantly decreased. The relative risk of crash (regardless of driver injury) for males compared to females significantly decreased over time. Compared to drivers aged 21-25, drivers aged 17 and particularly 18- to 20-year-olds had significantly and consistently higher crash risks across the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there has been a significant decline in young driver crashes in NSW over the last decade. Regardless of injury severity, males'' risk of crash has reduced more than female young drivers, but drivers aged 17 continue to be at higher risk. These findings provide feedback on potential road safety successes and areas needing specific interventions for future improvements.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Glozier, Nicholas
%A Martiniuk, Alexandra
%A Patton, George
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Li, Qiang
%A Hickie, Ian
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Woodward, Mark
%A Norton, Robyn
%A Stevenson, Mark
%T Short sleep duration in prevalent and persistent psychological distress in young adults: the DRIVE study.
%B Sleep
%D 2010
%C United States
%I The American Academy of Sleep Medicine
%V 33
%N 9
%P 1139-1145
%@ 0161-8105
%X OBJECTIVES: Young people are sleeping less. Short sleep duration has a range of negative consequences including a hypothesized link with psychological distress, which has yet to be studied DESIGN: Prospective cohort study SETTING: Community-based sample from Australia PARTICIPANTS: Twenty thousand (20,822) young adults (aged 17-24) identified through the state vehicle licensing authority. A random sample (n = 5000) was approached for follow-up 12-18 months later, with 2837 providing full data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Psychological distress, determined by a Kessler 10 score > 21, at baseline; and as both onset and persistence of distress at follow-up. RESULTS: Shorter sleep duration was linearly associated with prevalent psychological distress: relative risk (RR) 1.14 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.15). Only the very short (< 5 h) sleepers among those not distressed at baseline had an increased risk for onset of psychological distress (RR 3.25 [95% CI 1.84, 5.75]). Of 945 cohort participants reporting psychological distress at baseline, 419 (44%) were distressed at follow-up. Each hour less of sleep increased the risk of psychological distress persisting after adjustment for potential confounding variables: RR 1.05 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.10). Long sleep duration showed no association with distress at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported shorter sleep duration is linearly associated with prevalent and persistent psychological distress in young adults. In contrast, only the very short sleepers had a raised risk of new onset of distress. Different approaches to sleep duration measurement yield different results and should guide any interventions to improve subjective sleep duration in young adults.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chen, H Y
%A Ivers, R Q
%A Martiniuk, A L C
%A Boufous, S
%A Senserrick, T
%A Woodward, M
%A Stevenson, M
%A Norton, R
%T Socioeconomic status and risk of car crash injury, independent of place of residence and driving exposure: results from the DRIVE Study.
%B Journal of epidemiology and community health
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom, Spai
%I BMJ Group
%V 64
%N 11
%P 998-1003
%@ 1470-2738
%X Previous studies that found increased crash risks for young drivers of low socioeconomic status (SES) have failed to adjust for factors such as driving exposure and rural residence. This aim of this study is to examine the independent effect of SES on crash risk, adjusting for such factors, and to examine the relationship between injury severity following a crash and SES.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Sharwood, Lisa N
%A Wong, Keith
%A Elkington, Jane
%A Meuleners, Lynn
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Grunstein, Ron R
%A Williamson, Ann
%A Haworth, Narelle
%A Norton, Robyn
%T The heavy vehicle study: a case-control study investigating risk factors for crash in long distance heavy vehicle drivers in Australia.
%B BMC Public Health
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 10
%N 1
%P 162
%@ 1471-2458
%X BACKGROUND: Heavy vehicle transportation continues to grow internationally; yet crash rates are high, and the risk of injury and death extends to all road users. The work environment for the heavy vehicle driver poses many challenges; conditions such as scheduling and payment are proposed risk factors for crash, yet the precise measure of these needs quantifying. Other risk factors such as sleep disorders including obstructive sleep apnoea have been shown to increase crash risk in motor vehicle drivers however the risk of heavy vehicle crash from this and related health conditions needs detailed investigation. METHODS AND DESIGN: The proposed case control study will recruit 1034 long distance heavy vehicle drivers: 517 who have crashed and 517 who have not. All participants will be interviewed at length, regarding their driving and crash history, typical workloads, scheduling and payment, trip history over several days, sleep patterns, health, and substance use. All participants will have administered a nasal flow monitor for the detection of obstructive sleep apnoea. DISCUSSION: Significant attention has been paid to the enforcement of legislation aiming to deter problems such as excess loading, speeding and substance use; however, there is inconclusive evidence as to the direction and strength of associations of many other postulated risk factors for heavy vehicle crashes. The influence of factors such as remuneration and scheduling on crash risk is unclear; so too the association between sleep apnoea and the risk of heavy vehicle driver crash. Contributory factors such as sleep quality and quantity, body mass and health status will be investigated. Quantifying the measure of effect of these factors on the heavy vehicle driver will inform policy development that aims toward safer driving practices and reduction in heavy vehicle crash; protecting the lives of many on the road network.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hinchcliff, Reece A
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Poulos, Roslyn G
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%T Utilization of Research in Policymaking for Graduated Driver Licensing.
%B American journal of public health
%D 2010
%C United States
%I American Public Health Association
%V 100
%N 11
%P 2052-8
%@ 1541-0048
%X Young drivers are overrepresented in road trauma and vehicle-related deaths, and there is substantial evidence for the effectiveness of graduated driver licensing (GDL) policies that minimize young drivers'' exposure to high-risk driving situations. However, it is unclear what role research plays in the process of making GDL policies. To understand how research is utilized in this context, we interviewed influential GDL policy actors in Australia and the United States. We found that GDL policy actors generally believed that research evidence informed GDL policy development, but they also believed that research was used to justify politically determined policy positions that were not based on evidence. Further efforts, including more effective research dissemination strategies, are required to increase research utilization in policy.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Chen, Huei-Yang
%A Woodward, Mark
%A Norton, Robyn
%T Novice Drivers' Risky Driving Behavior, Risk Perception, and Crash Risk: Findings From the DRIVE Study.
%B American journal of public health
%D 2009
%C United States
%I American Public Health Association
%V 99
%N 9
%P 1638-44
%@ 1541-0048
%X We explored the risky driving behaviors and risk perceptions of a cohort of young novice drivers and sought to determine their associations with crash risk.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Navaratne, K V
%A Fonseka, P
%A Rajapakshe, L
%A Somatunga, L
%A Ameratunga, S
%A Ivers, R
%A Dandona, R
%T Population-based estimates of injuries in Sri Lanka.
%B Injury Prevention
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 15
%N 3
%P 170-175
%@ 1475-5785
%X BACKGROUND: Injuries are the leading cause of public hospital admission in Sri Lanka. Data on injury epidemiology to plan prevention programmes to reduce injury burden are not readily available. OBJECTIVES: To assess the incidence of various types of injuries in the Galle district, Sri Lanka. METHODS: 9568 individuals of all ages were selected from 2000 households in a population-based cross-sectional survey using a stratified cluster sampling technique. Data on non-fatal injuries in the last 30 days irrespective of severity, fatal injuries and those that resulted in disability in the last 12 months were documented. Proxy data were used for half of the injury cases. RESULTS: 195 (2%) individuals reported non-fatal injuries during the last 30 days, giving an age-sex-urban-rural adjusted annual incidence of 24.6 per 100 population. The leading causes of non-fatal injuries were falls (adjusted annual incidence 6.7 per 100 population, 95% CI 6.0 to 7.3) and mechanical injuries (6.3; 95% CI 5.7 to 6.8), followed by road traffic injuries (4.9; 95% CI 4.4 to 5.5). 114 (58.5%) individuals needed outpatient care and 50 (25.6%) needed inpatient care for their injuries. The annual injury mortality rate and disability rate were 177 (95% CI 72 to 283) and 290 (95% CI 250 to 330) per 100,000 population, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one in four people reported non-fatal injury; the majority sought medical attention in this population. It is important to utilise injury epidemiology to develop and implement interventions to reduce the burden of injuries in the population and on the hospitals in Sri Lanka.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Haran, Mark J
%A Lord, Stephen R
%A Cameron, Ian D
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Simpson, Judy M
%A Lee, Bonsan B
%A Porwal, Mamta
%A Kwan, Marcella M S
%A Severino, Connie
%T Preventing falls in older multifocal glasses wearers by providing single-lens distance glasses: the protocol for the VISIBLE randomised controlled trial.
%B BMC Geriatrics
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 9
%N 
%P 10
%@ 1471-2318
%X BACKGROUND: Recent research has shown that wearing multifocal glasses increases the risk of trips and falls in older people. The aim of this study is to determine whether the provision of single-lens distance glasses to older multifocal glasses wearers, with recommendations for wearing them for walking and outdoor activities, can prevent falls. We will also measure the effect of the intervention on health status, lifestyle activities and fear of falling, as well as the extent of adherence to the program. METHODS/DESIGN: Approximately 580 older people who are regular wearers of multifocal glasses people will be recruited. Participants will be randomly allocated to either an intervention group (provision of single lens glasses, with counselling and advice about appropriate use) or a control group (usual care). The primary outcome measure will be falls (measured with 13 monthly calendars). Secondary measures will be quality of life, falls efficacy, physical activity levels and adverse events. DISCUSSIONS: The study will determine the impact of providing single-lens glasses, with advice about appropriate use, on preventing falls in older regular wearers of multifocal glasses. This pragmatic intervention, if found to be effective, will guide practitioners with regard to recommending appropriate glasses for minimising the risk of falls in older people. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol for this study was registered with the Clinical Trials.gov Protocol Registration System on June 7th 2006 (#350855).
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Chen, H Y
%A Ivers, R Q
%A Martiniuk, A L C
%A Boufous, S
%A Senserrick, T
%A Woodward, M
%A Stevenson, M
%A Williamson, A
%A Norton, R
%T Risk and type of crash among young drivers by rurality of residence: findings from the DRIVE Study.
%B Accident Analysis & Prevention
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd
%V 41
%N 4
%P 676-682
%@ 0001-4575
%X BACKGROUND: Most previous literature on urban/rural differences in road crashes has a primary focus on severe injuries or deaths, which may be largely explained by variations of medical resources. Little has been reported on police-reported crashes by geographical location, or crash type and severity, especially among young drivers. METHODS: DRIVE is a prospective cohort study of 20,822 drivers aged 17-24 in NSW, Australia. Information on risk factors was collected via online questionnaire and subsequently linked to police-reported crashes. Poisson regression was used to analyse risk of various crash types by three levels of rurality of residence: urban, regional (country towns and surrounds) and rural. RESULTS: Compared to urban drivers, risk of crash decreased with increasing rurality (regional adjusted RR: 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.9; rural adjusted RR: 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.7). Among those who crashed, risk of injurious crash did not differ by geographic location; however, regional and rural drivers had significantly higher risk of a single versus multiple vehicle crash (regional adjusted RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.5; rural adjusted RR: 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.6), which was explained by speeding involvement and road alignment at the time or site of crash. CONCLUSIONS: Although young urban drivers have a higher crash risk overall, rural and regional residents have increased risk of a single vehicle crash. Interventions to reduce single vehicle crashes should aim to address key issues affecting such crashes, including speeding and specific aspects of road geometry.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Martiniuk, Alexandra L C
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%A Glozier, Nick
%A Patton, George C
%A Lam, Lawrence T
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Williamson, Ann
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Norton, Robyn
%T Self-harm and risk of motor vehicle crashes among young drivers: findings from the DRIVE Study.
%B CMAJ
%D 2009
%C Canada
%I Canadian Medical Association
%V 181
%N 11
%P 807-812
%@ 1488-2329
%X BACKGROUND: Some motor vehicle crashes, particularly single-vehicle crashes, may result from intentional self-harm. We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the risk that intentional self-harm poses for motor vehicle crashes among young drivers. METHODS: We prospectively linked survey data from newly licensed drivers aged 17-24 years to data on licensing attempts and police-reported motor vehicle crashes during the follow-up period. We investigated the role of recent engagement in self-harm on the risk of a crash. We took into account potential confounders, including number of hours of driving per week, psychological symptoms and substance abuse. RESULTS: We included 18 871 drivers who participated in the DRIVE Study for whom data on self-harm and motor vehicle crashes were available. The mean follow-up was 2 years. Overall, 1495 drivers had 1 or more crashes during the follow-up period. A total of 871 drivers (4.6%) reported that they had engaged in self-harm in the year before the survey. These drivers were at significantly increased risk of a motor vehicle crash compared with drivers who reported no self-harm (relative risk [RR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-1.76). The risk remained significant, even after adjustment for age, sex, average hours of driving per week, previous crash, psychological distress, duration of sleep, risky driving behaviour, substance use, remoteness of residence and socio-economic status (RR 1.37, 95% CI 1.09-1.72). Most of the drivers who reported self-harm and had a subsequent crash were involved in a multiple-vehicle crash (84.1% [74/88]). INTERPRETATION: Engagement in self-harm behaviour was an independent risk factor for subsequent motor vehicle crash among young drivers, with most crashes involving multiple vehicles.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Swamy, Brighu Narayan
%A Cumming, Robert G
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Clemson, Lindy
%A Cullen, John
%A Hayes, Maggie F
%A Tanzer, Michael
%A Mitchell, Paul R
%T Vision screening for frail older people: a randomized trial.
%B The British journal of ophthalmology
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 93
%N 0
%P 736-41
%@ 1468-2079
%X To assess the effects of vision screening, and subsequent management of visual impairment, on visual acuity and vision-related quality of life among frail older people.
%Z FOR Codes: 111301 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Boufous, Soufiane
%A Chen, Huei-Yang
%A Norton, Robyn
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A van Beurden, Eric
%A Zask, Avigdor
%T Young Driver Education Programs That Build Resilience Have Potential to Reduce Road Crashes.
%B Pediatrics
%D 2009
%C United States
%I American Academy of Pediatrics
%V 124
%N 5
%P 1287-92
%@ 0031-4005
%X The research aimed to explore associations between participation in 2 education programs for school-based learner drivers and subsequent road traffic offenses and crashes among a large cohort of newly licensed drivers.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hung, Dang Viet
%A Stevenson, Mark R
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%T Barriers to, and factors associated, with observed motorcycle helmet use in Vietnam.
%B Accident Analysis and Prevention
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier
%V 40
%N 4
%P 1627-1633
%@ 0001-4575
%X This study investigated barriers to, and factors associated with, observed motorcycle helmet use among motorcyclists in Hai Duong Province, Vietnam. The findings highlighted an array of factors associated with observed helmet use namely, support for universal helmet legislation and a positive attitude towards what might be perceived as negative attributes of helmet use such as inconvenience and discomfort in hot weather. As well, older age (greater than 25 years in age), riding on a compulsory road, being a driver, trips of greater than 10km, higher levels of education (having a university degree and higher) were found to be key determinants of helmet use. Despite over 95% of motorcyclists disagreeing with the statement that wearing a helmet does not reduce the severity of head injury in a crash, most motorcyclists believed that helmets did not need to be worn for a short trip. Overall, only 23% of motorcyclists were observed wearing a helmet. The authors conclude that efforts to increase helmet use need to focus on the necessity for universal helmet legislation in association with identifying solutions to reduce the negative attitudes towards helmet use.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Liu, B C
%A Ivers, R
%A Norton, R
%A Boufous, S
%A Blows, S
%A Lo, S K
%T Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders.
%B Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Update Software Ltd.
%V 0
%N 1
%P CD004333
%@ 1469-493X
%X BACKGROUND: Motorcycle crash victims form a high proportion of those killed or injured in road traffic crashes. Injuries to the head, following motorcycle crashes, are a common cause of severe morbidity and mortality. It seems intuitive that helmets should protect against head injuries but it has been argued that motorcycle helmet use decreases rider vision and increases neck injuries. This review will collate the current available evidence on helmets and their impact on mortality, and head, face and neck injuries following motorcycle crashes. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of wearing a motorcycle helmet in reducing mortality and head and neck injury following motorcycle crashes. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library issue 2, 2007), MEDLINE (up to April 2007), EMBASE (up to April week 16, 2007), CINAHL (January 1982 to February 2003), TRANSPORT (up to issue 12, 2006) (TRANSPORT combines the following databases: Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) International Transport Research Documentation (ITRD) formerly International Road Research Documentation (IRRD), ATRI (Australian Transport Index) (1976 to Feb 2003), Science Citation Index were searched for relevant articles. Websites of traffic and road safety research bodies including government agencies were also searched. Reference lists from topic reviews, identified studies and bibliographies were examined for relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered studies that investigated a population of motorcycle riders who had crashed, examining helmet use as an intervention and with outcomes that included one or more of the following: death, head, neck or facial injury. We included any studies that compared an intervention and control group. Therefore the following study designs were included: randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. Ecological and case series studies were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently screened reference lists for eligible articles. Two authors independently assessed articles for inclusion criteria. Data were abstracted by two independent authors using a standard abstraction form. MAIN RESULTS: Sixty-one observational studies were selected of varying quality. Despite methodological differences there was a remarkable consistency in results, particularly for death and head injury outcomes. Motorcycle helmets were found to reduce the risk of death and head injury in motorcyclists who crashed. From four higher quality studies helmets were estimated to reduce the risk of death by 42% (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.68) and from six higher quality studies helmets were estimated to reduce the risk of head injury by 69% (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.38). Insufficient evidence was found to estimate the effect of motorcycle helmets compared with no helmet on facial or neck injuries. However, studies of poorer quality suggest that helmets have no effect on the risk of neck injuries and are protective for facial injury. There was insufficient evidence to demonstrate whether differences in helmet type confer more or less advantage in injury reduction. AUTHORS'' CONCLUSIONS: Motorcycle helmets reduce the risk of death and head injury in motorcycle riders who crash. Further well-conducted research is required to determine the effects of helmets and different helmet types on mortality, head, neck and facial injuries. However, the findings suggest that global efforts to reduce road traffic injuries may be facilitated by increasing helmet use by motorcyclists.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Clapham, Kathleen
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Lyford, Marilyn
%A Stevenson, Mark
%T Injury prevention in Australian Indigenous communities.
%B Injury
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd.
%V 39
%N Suppl 5
%P S61-S67
%@ 0020-1383
%X Injury prevention in Indigenous communities in Australia is a continuing national challenge, with Indigenous fatality rates due to injury three times higher than the general population. Suicide and transport are the leading causes of injury mortality, and assault, transport and falls the primary causes of injury morbidity. Addressing the complex range of injury problems in disadvantaged Indigenous communities requires considerable work in building or enhancing existing capacity of communities to address local safety issues. Poor data, lack of funding and absence of targeted programs are some of the issues that impede injury prevention activities. Traditional approaches to injury prevention can be used to highlight key areas of need, however adaptations are needed in keeping with Indigenous peoples'' holistic approach to health, linked to land and linked to community in order to address the complex spiritual, emotional and social determinants of Indigenous injury.
%Z FOR Codes: 111701


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hung, Dang Viet
%A Stevenson, Mark R
%A Ivers, Rebecca Q
%T Motorcycle helmets in Vietnam: ownership, quality, purchase price, and affordability.
%B Traffic injury prevention
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Taylor & Francis Inc.
%V 9
%N 2
%P 135-143
%@ 1538-957X
%X OBJECTIVES: This study investigated motorcycle helmet ownership, quality, purchase price, and affordability in Vietnam. METHOD: A random sample of motorcyclists was interviewed to investigate aspects of helmet ownership, the purchase price, and affordability of a motorcycle helmet. Multivariate modeling conducted to determine factors associated with the purchase price and affordability of motorcycle helmets. Helmet quality was assessed based on current legal requirements in Vietnam. RESULTS: The prevalence of helmet use in Vietnam remains low (23.3%) despite a high level of helmet ownership (94%), indicating that this is an important area for public health intervention. Overall the quality of helmets appeared to be good; however, few helmets displayed legally required information. Motorcyclists with a high income purchase more helmets for their household rather than more expensive helmets. CONCLUSION: To ensure that helmets are accessible to the community, policy-makers need to consider pricing motorcycle helmets at a price indicated by the results of this study. Prior to universal motorcycle helmet legislation, the government will also need to ensure that standard helmets are available and that enforcement is at a level to ensure that motorcycle helmets are actually used.
%Z FOR Codes: 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, R
%A Aeron-Thomas, A
%T Police patrols for alcohol-related crashes: more rigorous evaluation needed.
%B Injury prevention
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 14
%N 6
%P 408-409
%@ 1353-8047
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Stevenson, M
%A Yu, J
%A Hendrie, D
%A Li, L-P
%A Ivers, R
%A Zhou, Y
%A Su, S
%A Norton, R
%T Reducing the burden of road traffic injury: translating high-income country interventions to middle-income and low-income countries.
%B Injury Prevention
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 14
%N 5
%P 284-289
%@ 1353-8047
%X OBJECTIVE: To increase seat belt restraint use in Guangzhou City, People''s Republic of China. DESIGN: Comparison group pre-test, post-test design. SETTING: Guangzhou City. INTERVENTIONS: Interventions to increase the prevalence of seat belt use in high-income countries (enhanced training and enforcement practices along with raising of public awareness) were adapted and implemented in Guangzhou. The prevalence of seat belt use was determined before and after the introduction of the 12-month intervention. Seat belt prevalence was also examined over the same time period in the neighboring city of Nanning, and an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis of the intervention was undertaken. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence rates and incremental cost effectiveness ratios. RESULTS: A 12% increase in seat belt use was observed in Guangzhou over the study period, increasing from a prevalence of 50% before (error range 30-62%) to 62% after (error range 60-67%) (p<0.001) the intervention; an absolute change difference between the intervention and reference city of 20% was achieved. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the intervention was yen 3246 (US dollars 418) per disability-adjusted life year saved. CONCLUSIONS: This city-wide intervention demonstrates that it is possible to increase the prevalence of seat belt use using similar methods to those used in high-income countries and, importantly, that such an approach is cost-effective.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, R
%T Reviews of effectiveness of training after spinal cord or traumatic brain injury.
%B Injury prevention
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 14
%N 3
%P 209
%@ 1353-8047
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Book Section
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Yu, J
%A Stevenson, Mark
%A Norton, Robyn
%T Road Traffic Injuries
%B International Encyclopedia of Public Health
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Academic Press
%V 
%N 
%P 615-623
%@ 9780122272257
%E Murray, Christopher J L
%E Heggenhougen, Kristian
%E Quah, Stella
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Cardona, M
%A Joshi, R
%A Ivers, R Q
%A Iyengar, S
%A Chow, C K
%A Colman, S
%A Ramakrishna, G
%A Dandona, R
%A Stevenson, M R
%A Neal, B C
%T The burden of fatal and non-fatal injury in rural India.
%B Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
%D 2008
%C UK
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 14
%N 4
%P 232-237
%@ 1353-8047
%X BACKGROUND: Little is known about the burden or causes of injury in rural villages in India. OBJECTIVE: To examine injury-related mortality and morbidity in villages in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. METHODS: A verbal-autopsy-based mortality surveillance study was used to collect mortality data on all ages from residents in 45 villages in 2003-2004. In early 2005, a morbidity survey in adults was carried out using stratified random sampling in 20 villages. Participants were asked about injuries sustained in the preceding 12 months. Both fatal and non-fatal injuries were coded using classification methods derived from ICD-10. RESULTS: Response rates for the mortality surveillance and morbidity survey were 98% and 81%, respectively. Injury was the second leading cause of death for all ages, responsible for 13% (95% CI 11% to 15%) of all deaths. The leading causes of fatal injury were self-harm (36%), falls (20%), and road traffic crashes (13%). Non-fatal injury was reported by 6.7% of survey participants, with the leading causes of injury being falls (38%), road traffic crashes (25%), and mechanical forces (16.1%). Falls were more common in women, with most (72.3%) attributable to slipping and tripping. Road traffic injuries were sustained mainly by men and were primarily the result of motorcycle crashes (48.8%). DISCUSSION: Injury is an important contributor to disease burden in rural India. The leading causes of injury-falls, road traffic crashes, and suicides-are all preventable. It is important that effective interventions are developed and implemented to minimize the impact of injury in this region.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 110699


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Clapham, Kathleen
%A Senserrick, Teresa
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Lyford, Marilyn
%A Stevenson, Mark
%T Understanding the extent and impact of Indigenous road trauma.
%B Injury
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier Ltd.
%V 39
%N Suppl 5
%P S19-S23
%@ 0020-1383
%X While transport-related injuries represent a leading cause of death for all Australians, several disparities exist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Compared to non-Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians are more than twice as likely to have a transport-related fatal injury, with fatality risk remaining high with age while declining among the non-Indigenous community. Few studies and appropriate databases exist to elucidate the causes and solutions to this over-representation. This paper presents a summary of known risk factors, discusses the impact of road injury at multiple levels and suggests steps towards addressing this significant public health problem.
%Z FOR Codes: 111701


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ker, K
%A Ivers, R
%T Alcohol related harm.
%B Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 12
%N 4
%P 273-4
%@ 1353-8047
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ker, Katharine
%A Kerr, Katharine
%A Ivers, R
%T Cochrane corner: prevention of injuries at home.
%B Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
%D 2007
%C UK
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 13
%N 2
%P 141
%@ 1353-8047
%X 
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Cumming, Robert G
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Clemson, Lindy
%A Cullen, John
%A Hayes, Maggie F
%A Tanzer, Michael
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Improving vision to prevent falls in frail older people: a randomized trial.
%B Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
%D 2007
%C United States
%I Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 55
%N 2
%P 175-181
%@ 1532-5415
%X OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of vision and eye examinations, with subsequent treatment of vision problems, for preventing falls and fractures in frail older people. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Community in Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred sixteen men and women aged 70 and older (mean age 81) recruited mainly from people attending outpatient aged care services. INTERVENTIONS: The intervention group received comprehensive vision and eye examinations conducted by a study optometrist. The optometrist arranged for new eyeglasses for 92 subjects and referred 24 for a home visit with an occupational therapist, 17 for glaucoma management, and 15 for cataract surgery. The control group received usual care. MEASUREMENTS: Falls and fractures during 12 months of follow-up were ascertained according to self-report using a monthly postcard system. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of subjects fell at least once during follow-up. Falls occurred more frequently in the group randomized to receive the vision intervention (65% fell at least once; 758 falls in total) than in the control group (50% fell at least once; 516 falls in total). The falls rate ratio using the negative binomial model was 1.57 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.20-2.05, P=.001). Fractures were also more frequent in the intervention group (31 fractures) than the control group (18 fractures; relative risk from proportional hazards model 1.74, 95% CI=0.97-3.11, P=.06). CONCLUSION: In frail older people, comprehensive vision and eye assessment, with appropriate treatment, does not reduce, and may even increase, the risk of falls and fractures.
%Z FOR Codes: 111716


%0 Journal Article
%A Li, G
%A Li, L
%A Cai, Q
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%T Knowledge, attitude and practice of helmet wearing of motorcycle drivers in Shantou and Chaozhou
%B Chinese Journal of Disease Control and Prevention
%D 2007
%C China
%I Anhui Yike Daxue
%V 11
%N 
%P 372-375
%@ 1674-3679
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%A Zhang, J
%A Yu, X
%A Stevenson, M
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%A Norton, R
%A Zhou, Y
%T Qualitative research on seatbelt use among drivers and passengers
%B Chinese Journal of Public Health
%D 2007
%C China
%I Zhongguo Gonggong Weisheng
%V 23
%N 
%P 112-114
%@ 1001-0580
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Perel, P
%A Ker, K
%A Ivers, R
%A Blackhall, K
%T Road safety in low- and middle-income countries: a neglected research area.
%B Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
%D 2007
%C UK
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 13
%N 4
%P 227
%@ 1353-8047
%X 
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, R
%T Road safety.
%B Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 12
%N 3
%P 177
%@ 1353-8047
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, R
%T School based programs for prevention of violence: do they work?
%B Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 12
%N 5
%P 351
%@ 1353-8047
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ivers, Rebecca
%T Systematic reviews of bicycle helmet research.
%B Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention
%D 2007
%C UK
%I BMJ Publishing Group
%V 13
%N 3
%P 190
%@ 1353-8047
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: