%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Corcoran, Katherine J
%A Jowsey, Tanisha
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T One size does not fit all: the different experiences of those with chronic heart failure, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
%B Australian Health Review
%D 2013
%C Australia
%I CSIRO Publishing
%V 37
%N 1
%P 19-25
%@ 0156-5788
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111717 110201


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Downs, Shauna M
%A Thow, Anne Marie
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T The effectiveness of policies for reducing dietary trans fat: a systematic review of the evidence.
%B Bulletin of the World Health Organization
%D 2013
%C Switzerland
%I World Health Organization
%V 91
%N 4
%P 262-269H
%@ 1564-0604
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1111 1117


%0 Book Section
%A Lewis, Milton
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Two Health Transitions in Australia: The Western and the Indigenous
%B Health Transitions and the Double Disease Burden in Asia and the Pacific: Histories of Responses to Non-Communicable and Communicable Diseases
%D 2013
%C Canada
%I Routledge
%V 
%N 
%P 15-46
%@ 9780415575430
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hunter, Jennifer
%A Corcoran, Katherine
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Phelps, Kerryn
%T Appealing to altruism is not enough: motivators for participating in health services research.
%B Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics
%D 2012
%C United States
%I University of California
%V 7
%N 3
%P 84-90
%@ 1556-2654
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Mirzaei, Masoud
%A Truswell, A Stewart
%A Arnett, Kathryn
%A Page, Andrew
%A Taylor, Richard
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Cerebrovascular disease in 48 countries: secular trends in mortality 1950-2005.
%B Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 83
%N 2
%P 138-45
%@ 1468-330X
%X Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) is the second most common cause of death and among the top five causes of morbidity in many developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate patterns of increase and decrease in stroke mortality in 48 different countries.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%A Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
%A Spurrier, Nicola
%A Mahmood, Mohammad Afzal
%A Rahman, Mahmudar
%A Choudhury, Sohel Reza
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Choice of controls for a case-control study in Bangladesh: Hospital controls versus community controls
%B Asian Journal of Epidemiology
%D 2012
%C Pakistan
%I A N S I Network
%V 5
%N 3
%P 75-86
%@ 1992-1462
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Essue, Beverley M
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Falling through the cracks: the hidden economic burden of chronic illness and disability on Australian households.
%B Medical Journal of Australia
%D 2012
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 196
%N 1
%P 29-31
%@ 1326-5377
%X Major reform plus targeted strategies have the potential to provide relief.
%Z FOR Codes: 140208


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Schneider, Julie
%A Hickson, Louise
%A McMahon, Catherine M
%A Burlutsky, George
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Hearing handicap, rather than measured hearing impairment, predicts poorer quality of life over 10 years in older adults.
%B Maturitas
%D 2012
%C Ireland
%I Elsevier Ireland Ltd
%V 72
%N 2
%P 146-151
%@ 1873-4111
%X We aimed to determine the prospective association between measured hearing impairment, self-reported hearing handicap and hearing aid use with quality of life.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 110315


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Hickson, Louise
%A Schneider, Julie
%A McMahon, Catherine M
%A Burlutsky, George
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Hearing-impaired adults are at increased risk of experiencing emotional distress and social engagement restrictions five years later.
%B Age and Ageing
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 41
%N 5
%P 618-623
%@ 0002-0729
%X BACKGROUND: we aimed to assess both cross-sectional and temporal links between measured hearing impairment and self-perceived hearing handicap, and health outcomes. METHODS: in total, 811 Blue Mountains Hearing Study participants (Sydney, Australia) aged ???55 years were examined twice (1997-99 and 2002-04). Hearing levels were measured with pure-tone audiometry. The shortened version of the hearing handicap inventory (HHIE-S) was administered, scores ???8 defined hearing handicap. RESULTS: baseline hearing impairment was strongly associated with 7 of the 10 HHIE-S questions, 5 years later. Individuals with and without hearing impairment at baseline reported that they felt embarrassed and/or frustrated by their hearing problem, and that it hampered their personal/social life, multivariable-adjusted OR: 11.5 (CI: 3.5-38.1), OR: 6.3 (CI: 2.5-15.7) and OR: 6.0 (CI: 2.1-17.5), respectively, 5 years later. Hearing-impaired, compared with non-hearing-impaired adults had a significantly higher risk of developing moderate or severe hearing handicap, OR: 3.35 (CI: 1.91-5.90) and OR: 6.60 (CI: 1.45-30.00), respectively. Cross-sectionally (at wave 2), hearing handicap increased the odds of depressive symptoms and low self-rated health by 80 and 46%, respectively. CONCLUSION: older, hearing-impaired adults were significantly more likely to experience emotional distress and social engagement restrictions (self-perceived hearing handicap) directly due to their hearing impairment.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Skilton, Michael R
%A Ayer, Julian G
%A Harmer, Jason A
%A Webb, Karen
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Marks, Guy B
%A Celermajer, David S
%T Impaired fetal growth and arterial wall thickening: a randomized trial of omega-3 supplementation.
%B Pediatrics
%D 2012
%C United States
%I American Academy of Pediatrics
%V 129
%N 3
%P e698-e703
%@ 0031-4005
%X Impaired fetal growth is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and is associated with arterial wall thickening in children. No preventive strategy has been identified. We sought to determine whether dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during early childhood prevents the association between impaired fetal growth and carotid arterial wall thickening.
%Z FOR Codes: 111401


%0 Journal Article
%A Morris, Brian
%A Wodak, Alex D
%A Mindel, Adrian
%A Schrieber, Leslie
%A Duggan, Karen A
%A Dilley, Anthony
%A Willcourt, Robin J
%A Lowy, Michael
%A Cooper, David A
%A Lumbers, Eugenie R
%A Russell, C Terry
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Infant male circumcision: An evidence-based policy statement
%B Open Journal of Preventive Medicine
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.
%V 2
%N 1
%P 79-92
%@ 2162-2477
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
%A Spurrier, Nicola
%A Mahmood, Mohammad Afzal
%A Rahman, Mahmudur
%A Choudhury, Sohel Reza
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Is there any association between use of smokeless tobacco products and coronary heart disease in Bangladesh?
%B PLoS One
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Public Library of Science
%V 7
%N 1
%P e30584
%@ 1932-6203
%X Most epidemiological studies exploring the association between smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and coronary heart disease (CHD) have been in Western populations, and have focused on SLT products used in those countries. Few studies come from South Asian countries. Our objective was to determine the association between SLT use and CHD among non-smoking adults in Bangladesh.
%Z FOR Codes: 111716 110201


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Schneider, Julie
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A McMahon, Catherine
%A Teber, Erdahl
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Prevalence and 5-year incidence of dual sensory impairment in an older Australian population.
%B Annals of Epidemiology
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Elsevier Inc.
%V 22
%N 4
%P 295-301
%@ 1873-2585
%X To report prevalence and 5-year incidence of dual sensory impairment (DSI), and associated risk factors, in an older population.
%Z FOR Codes: 111301 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Schneider, Julie
%A McMahon, Catherine M
%A Teber, Erdahl
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Severity of age-related hearing loss is associated with impaired activities of daily living.
%B Age and Ageing
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 41
%N 2
%P 195-200
%@ 0002-0729
%X Background: age-related hearing loss is a common chronic condition; hence, it is important to understand its influence on the functional status of older adults. We assessed the association between hearing impairment with activity limitations as assessed by the activities of daily living (ADL) scale.Methods: a total of 1,952 Blue Mountains Hearing Study participants aged ???60 years had their hearing levels measured using pure-tone audiometry. A survey instrument with questions on functional status as determined by the Older Americans Resources and Services ADL scale was administered.Results: one hundred and sixty-four (10.4%) participants reported ADL difficulty. A higher proportion of hearing impaired than non-impaired adults reported difficulties in performing three out of the seven basic ADL and six out of the seven instrumental ADL tasks. After multivariable adjustment, increased severity of hearing loss was associated with impaired ADL (P(trend??)=??0.001). Subjects with moderate to severe hearing loss compared with those without, had a 2.9-fold increased likelihood of reporting difficulty in ADL, multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.87 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.59-5.19]. Participants aged <75 years with hearing loss compared with those without, had 2-fold higher odds of impaired ADL. Having worn or wearing a hearing aid was also associated with a 2-fold increased likelihood of impaired ADL.Conclusion: functional status as measured by a common ADL scale is diminished in older hearing impaired adults. Our findings suggest that severely diminished hearing could make the difference between independence and the need for formal support services or placement.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 110315 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Aspin, Clive
%A Brown, Ngiare
%A Jowsey, Tanisha
%A Yen, Laurann
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Strategic approaches to enhanced health service delivery for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with chronic illness: a qualitative study.
%B BMC Health Services Research
%D 2012
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 12
%N 1
%P 143
%@ 1472-6963
%X ABSTRACT:
%Z FOR Codes: 111701


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hunter, Jennifer
%A Corcoran, Katherine
%A Phelps, Kerryn
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T The Challenges of Establishing an Integrative Medicine Primary Care Clinic in Sydney, Australia.
%B Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers
%V 18
%N 11
%P 1008-1013
%@ 1557-7708
%X Abstract Background: In May 2006, a multidisciplinary community-based integrative medicine (IM) clinic was established in Sydney, Australia. It was designed to offer a wide range of IM services, for primary care and to serve as a referral center. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine which factors were successful and which ones posed challenges for establishing this kind of clinic. Method: A study of the first 4 years of this primary care integrative medicine clinic was undertaken, using mixed methods-both qualitative and quantitative. Results: Consistent with success factors identified in the literature, the clinic had an open-minded culture, credible supporters, suitable facilities, and clinically competent practitioners. Throughout the 4 years of its existence, the clinic strove to create an economically sustainable environment and to develop the service. As time progressed, it became evident that at least half of the practitioners needed to be biomedical doctors for the practice to remain viable. The challenges encountered were creating an economically sustainable clinic, managing high staff and practitioner turnover, finding the right balance between practitioners and services offered, developing an integrative medicine team, and building research capacity to evaluate the clinic and patient outcomes. Conclusions: Although many integrative medicine clinics fail to survive the first few years, after 4 years, this multidisciplinary primary care clinic had succeeded in establishing a viable health care service offering both integrative medicine and conventional, traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine. Finding the right mix of staff members and following up with evaluations to track progress are important.
%Z FOR Codes: 110499


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hunter, Jennifer
%A Corcoran, Katherine
%A Phelps, Kerryn
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T The integrative medicine team-is biomedical dominance inevitable?
%B Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine
%D 2012
%C United States
%I Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers
%V 18
%N 12
%P 1127-1132
%@ 1557-7708
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111717


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T 9/11 and all that.
%B Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
%D 2011
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 35
%N 4
%P 318
%@ 1326-0200
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111709


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Huffman, Mark D
%A Rao, Krishna D
%A Pichon-Riviere, Andres
%A Zhao, Dong
%A Harikrishnan, S
%A Ramaiya, Kaushik
%A Ajay, V S
%A Goenka, Shifalika
%A Calcagno, Juan I
%A Caporale, Joaquín E
%A Niu, Shaoli
%A Li, Yan
%A Liu, Jing
%A Thankappan, K R
%A Daivadanam, Meena
%A van Esch, Jan
%A Murphy, Adrianna
%A Moran, Andrew E
%A Gaziano, Thomas A
%A Suhrcke, Marc
%A Reddy, K Srinath
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Prabhakaran, Dorairaj
%T A cross-sectional study of the microeconomic impact of cardiovascular disease hospitalization in four low- and middle-income countries.
%B PloS one
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Public Library of Science
%V 6
%N 6
%P e20821
%@ 1932-6203
%X To estimate individual and household economic impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in selected low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
%Z FOR Codes: 110201 111708


%0 Book Section
%A Greenberg, Henry
%A Raymond, Susan
%A Beaton, Angela
%A Colagiuri, Ruth
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Chronic Diseases: The Urgent Need for Action
%B Routledge Handbook of Global Public Health
%D 2011
%C USA & Canada
%I Routledge
%V 
%N 
%P 365-373
%@ 9780415778480
%E Parker, Richard
%E Sommer, Marni
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Schneider, Julie M
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A McMahon, Catherine M
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%T Dual Sensory Impairment in Older Age.
%B Journal of aging and health
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Sage Publications, Inc.
%V 23
%N 8
%P 1309-24
%@ 0898-2643
%X Hearing and visual impairments are commonly viewed separately in research and service provision, but they often occur together as dual sensory impairment or DSI in older populations. This article examines the frequency and effects of DSI in older age and notes limitations in the evidence.
%Z FOR Codes: 110906 111399


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Mitchell, Paul
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A McMahon, Catherine M
%A Schneider, Julie
%A Rochtchina, Elena
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Five-Year Incidence and Progression of Hearing Impairment in an Older Population.
%B Ear and Hearing
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 32
%N 2
%P 251-257
%@ 1538-4667
%X OBJECTIVES:: There are few epidemiological surveys that have examined age-related hearing loss in an older Australian population. This study reports the prevalence, 5-yr incidence, and progression of hearing impairment in a representative sample of older persons. DESIGN:: The Blue Mountains Hearing Study (BMHS) is a population-based survey of age-related hearing loss conducted among participants of the Blue Mountains Eye Study cohort. During the period 1997-1999, 2956 had audiometric testing done. Of these, 870 participants without hearing loss and 439 with hearing loss were re-examined from 2002 to 2004. RESULTS:: Some degree of hearing loss was present in 33.0% of this population at baseline. Prevalence of hearing loss increased with age, sex-adjusted (odds ratio [OR] 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1-3.9), with men 70% more likely than women to have hearing loss. The 5-yr incidence of hearing impairment was 17.9%. For each decade of age older than 60 yrs, the risk of hearing loss increased threefold, OR 3.9 (CI 2.3-3.8). Gender was not associated with incident hearing loss OR. However, high occupational prestige was associated with decreased incidence of hearing loss OR 0.6 (CI 0.40-0.94). The 5-yr progression of hearing loss defined as a difference in pure-tone average that exceeded 10 dB was relatively high (15.7%). At the baseline hearing study and at the 5-yr follow-up hearing study, 57.4% and 59.7% of hearing impaired subjects, respectively, reported using a hearing aid for a maximum of 5 yrs. CONCLUSIONS:: Hearing loss was a frequent sensory disability, with one in three persons having a hearing impairment, and of these, almost one in two showing a decline in hearing over a 5-yr period. This information can potentially contribute to the planning and resource investment in auditory rehabilitation services for older Australians.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Ferreira, Manuel A R
%A Matheson, Melanie C
%A Duffy, David L
%A Marks, Guy B
%A Hui, Jennie
%A Le Souëf, Peter
%A Danoy, Patrick
%A Baltic, Svetlana
%A Nyholt, Dale R
%A Jenkins, Mark
%A Hayden, Catherine
%A Willemsen, Gonneke
%A Ang, Wei
%A Kuokkanen, Mikko
%A Beilby, John
%A Cheah, Faang
%A de Geus, Eco J C
%A Ramasamy, Adaikalavan
%A Vedantam, Sailaja
%A Salomaa, Veikko
%A Madden, Pamela A
%A Heath, Andrew C
%A Hopper, John L
%A Visscher, Peter M
%A Musk, Bill
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta
%A Pennell, Craig
%A Boomsma, Dorret I
%A Hirschhorn, Joel N
%A Walters, Haydn
%A Martin, Nicholas G
%A James, Alan
%A Jones, Graham
%A Abramson, Michael J
%A Robertson, Colin F
%A Dharmage, Shyamali C
%A Brown, Matthew A
%A Montgomery, Grant W
%A Thompson, Philip J
%A , Australian Asthma Genetics Consortium
%T Identification of IL6R and chromosome 11q13.5 as risk loci for asthma.
%B Lancet
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I The Lancet Publishing Group
%V 378
%N 9795
%P 1006-1014
%@ 0140-6736
%X We aimed to identify novel genetic variants affecting asthma risk, since these might provide novel insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the disease.
%Z FOR Codes: 110203


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Schneider, Julie
%A Hartley, David
%A Teber, Erdahl
%A McMahon, Catherine M
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Incidence and Predictors of Hearing Aid Use and Ownership among Older Adults With Hearing Loss.
%B Annals of epidemiology
%D 2011
%C United States
%I Elsevier Inc.
%V 21
%N 7
%P 497-506
%@ 1873-2585
%X The reasons are not clear as to why people who need hearing aids and possess them do not use them. We aimed to describe the incidence and predictors of hearing aid ownership and use among older adults.
%Z FOR Codes: 111702


%0 Journal Article
%A Mooney, Gavin
%A Almeida, Célia
%A Navarro, Vicente
%A Coburn, David
%A Yasmeen, Samina
%A Sainsbury, Peter
%A Alaba, Olufunke A
%A Jensen, Uffe Juul
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Venkat Narayan, K.M.
%A Herbert, Sruthi
%A Madhavan, Arun
%A Tinghög, Gustav
%A Kalkan, Almina
%T International perspectives on the public health implications of 9/11
%B Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
%D 2011
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 35
%N 4
%P 310
%@ 1326-0200
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Jowsey, Tanisha
%A Yen, Laurann
%A Wells, Robert
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T National Health and Hospital Reform Commission final report and patient-centred suggestions for reform.
%B Australian Journal of Primary Health
%D 2011
%C Australia
%I CSIRO Publishing
%V 17
%N 2
%P 162-168
%@ 1448-7527
%X The final report of the National Health and Hospital Reform Commission (NHHRC) called for a strengthened consumer voice and empowerment. This has salience for the development of health policy concerning chronic illnesses. This paper compares the recommendations for chronic illness care made in the NHHRC final report with suggestions made by people with chronic illness and family carers of people with chronic illness in a recent Australian study. Sixty-six participants were interviewed in a qualitative research project of the Serious and Continuing Illness Policy and Practice Study (SCIPPS). Participants were people with type II diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic heart failure. Family carers were also interviewed. Content analysis was undertaken and participants'' recommendations for improving care were compared with those proposed in the NHHRC final report. Many suggestions from the participants of the SCIPPS qualitative research project appeared in the NHHRC final report, including the need to improve care coordination, health literacy and the experience of Indigenous Australians. The research project also identified important issues of family carers, immigrants and people with multiple illnesses, which were not addressed in the NHHRC final report. More specific attention is needed in health reform to improve the experience of family carers, Indigenous peoples, immigrants to Australia and people with multiple illnesses. To align more closely with their needs, health reform must be explicitly informed by the voices of people with chronic illness and their family carers. The NHHRC recommendations must be supplemented with proposals that address the needs of these people for support and the problems associated with poor care coordination.
%Z FOR Codes: 111709


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wong, Martin Cs
%A Wang, Harry Hx
%A Jiang, Johnny Y
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Griffiths, Sian M
%T Predictors of switching from beta-blockers to other anti-hypertensive drugs: a review of records of 19,177 Chinese patients seen in public primary care clinics in the New Territory East, Hong Kong.
%B Asia Pacific Family Medicine
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 10
%N 
%P 10
%@ 1447-056X
%X ABSTRACT:
%Z FOR Codes: 110202 110201


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Beaglehole, Robert
%A Bonita, Ruth
%A Horton, Richard
%A Adams, Cary
%A Alleyne, George
%A Asaria, Perviz
%A Baugh, Vanessa
%A Bekedam, Henk
%A Billo, Nils
%A Casswell, Sally
%A Cecchini, Michele
%A Colagiuri, Ruth
%A Colagiuri, Stephen
%A Collins, Tea
%A Ebrahim, Shah
%A Engelgau, Michael
%A Galea, Gauden
%A Gaziano, Thomas
%A Geneau, Robert
%A Haines, Andy
%A Hospedales, James
%A Jha, Prabhat
%A Keeling, Ann
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Lincoln, Paul
%A McKee, Martin
%A Mackay, Judith
%A Magnusson, Roger
%A Moodie, Rob
%A Mwatsama, Modi
%A Nishtar, Sania
%A Norrving, Bo
%A Patterson, David
%A Piot, Peter
%A Ralston, Johanna
%A Rani, Manju
%A Reddy, K Srinath
%A Sassi, Franco
%A Sheron, Nick
%A Stuckler, David
%A Suh, Il
%A Torode, Julie
%A Varghese, Cherian
%A Watt, Judith
%A , for The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance
%T Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis.
%B Lancet
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I The Lancet Publishing Group
%V 377
%N 9775
%P 1438-1447
%@ 0140-6736
%X The UN High-Level Meeting on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in September, 2011, is an unprecedented opportunity to create a sustained global movement against premature death and preventable morbidity and disability from NCDs, mainly heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease. The increasing global crisis in NCDs is a barrier to development goals including poverty reduction, health equity, economic stability, and human security. The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance propose five overarching priority actions for the response to the crisis--leadership, prevention, treatment, international cooperation, and monitoring and accountability--and the delivery of five priority interventions--tobacco control, salt reduction, improved diets and physical activity, reduction in hazardous alcohol intake, and essential drugs and technologies. The priority interventions were chosen for their health effects, cost-effectiveness, low costs of implementation, and political and financial feasibility. The most urgent and immediate priority is tobacco control. We propose as a goal for 2040, a world essentially free from tobacco where less than 5% of people use tobacco. Implementation of the priority interventions, at an estimated global commitment of about US$9 billion per year, will bring enormous benefits to social and economic development and to the health sector. If widely adopted, these interventions will achieve the global goal of reducing NCD death rates by 2% per year, averting tens of millions of premature deaths in this decade.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Greenberg, Henry
%A Raymond, Susan U
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T The Prevention of Global Chronic Disease: Academic Public Health's New Frontier.
%B American Journal of Public Health
%D 2011
%C United States
%I American Public Health Association
%V 101
%N 8
%P 1386-1390
%@ 1541-0048
%X A confluence of stimuli is propelling academic public health to embrace the prevention of chronic disease in developing countries as its new frontier. These stimuli are a growing recognition of the epidemic, academia''s call to reestablish public health as a mover of societal tectonics rather than a handmaiden to medicine''s focus on the individual, and the turmoil in the US health system that makes change permissible. To enable graduating professionals to participate in the assault on chronic diseases, schools of public health must allocate budgets and other resources to this effort. The barriers to chronic disease prevention and risk factor modulation are cultural and political; confronting them will require public health to work with a wide variety of disciplines. Chronic disease will likely become the dominant global public health issue soon. In addressing this issue, academia needs to lead, not follow.
%Z FOR Codes: 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Thow, A M
%A Snowdon, W
%A Schultz, J T
%A Leeder, S
%A Vivili, P
%A Swinburn, B A
%T The role of policy in improving diets: experiences from the Pacific Obesity Prevention in Communities food policy project.
%B Obesity Reviews
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 12
%N Suppl 2
%P 68-74
%@ 1467-789X
%X There is global interest in using multisectoral policy approaches to improve diets, and reduce obesity and non-communicable disease. However, there has been ad hoc implementation, which in some sectors such as the economic sector has been very limited, because of the lack of quality evidence on potential costs and impacts, and the inherent challenges associated with cross-sectoral policy development and implementation. The Pacific Obesity Prevention in Communities food policy project aimed to inform relevant policy development and implementation in Pacific Island countries. The project developed an innovative participatory approach to identifying and assessing potential policy options in terms of their effectiveness and feasibility. It also used policy analysis methodology to assess three policy initiatives to reduce fatty meat availability and four soft drink taxes in the region, in order to identify strategies for supporting effective policy implementation.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Essue, Beverley
%A Kelly, Patrick
%A Roberts, Mary
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Jan, Stephen
%T We can't afford my chronic illness! The out-of-pocket burden associated with managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in western Sydney, Australia.
%B Journal of health services research & policy
%D 2011
%C United Kingdom
%I Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.
%V 16
%N 4
%P 226-31
%@ 1758-1060
%X To examine the household economic consequences that are associated with out-of-pocket spending for the care and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Book Section
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Beaton, Angela
%A Hull, Cathie
%A Colagiuri, Ruth
%A Ward, Michael
%T Confronting the New Epidemics in our Cities
%B Urban Health: Global Perspectives
%D 2010
%C United States
%I John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
%V 
%N 
%P 125-137
%@ 9780470422069
%E Vlahov, David
%E Boufford, Jo Ivey
%E Pearson, Clarence
%E Norris, Laurie
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111705


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Toelle, Brett G
%A Ng, Kitty K W
%A Crisafulli, Daniele
%A Belousova, Elena G
%A Almqvist, Catarina
%A Webb, Karen
%A Tovey, Euan R
%A Kemp, Andrew S
%A Mellis, Craig M
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Marks, Guy B
%A , Childhood Asthma Prevention Team
%T Eight-year outcomes of the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study.
%B The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Mosby, Inc.
%V 126
%N 2
%P 388-9, 389.e1-3
%@ 1097-6825
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1103


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, B
%A Wang, J J
%A Kifley, A
%A Wall, J R
%A Eastman, C J
%A Leeder, S R
%A Mitchell, P
%T Five-year incidence and progression of thyroid dysfunction in an older population.
%B Internal Medicine Journal
%D 2010
%C Australia, United Kingdom, Netherlands, United States
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 40
%N 9
%P 642-649
%@ 1445-5994
%X Background: Very few studies have assessed both the incidence and progression of thyroid dysfunction in a single older population-based cohort. In this study, we aimed to assess the 5-year incidence, progression and risk factors for development of thyroid dysfunction in an older Australian population. Methods: The Blue Mountains Eye Study is a longitudinal population-based cohort study. During 1997-1999, 1768 participants (???55???years) had thyroid function assessed. After excluding participants reporting any form of treatment for their thyroid condition at baseline, 951 participants (91.4%) without thyroid dysfunction and 54 (5.4%) with thyroid dysfunction were re-examined 5???years later. Thyroid dysfunction was defined using serum thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)) screen, followed by serum free T4 assessment. Results: The overall 5-year incidence of thyroid dysfunction was 4.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.4-6.1). Obesity (body mass index ??? 30???kg/m(2) ) and serum TSH > 2???mIU/L at baseline predicted incident overt hypothyroidism (odds ratio (OR) 4.05, CI 1.74-9.41) and (OR 5.46, CI 1.16-25.67) respectively. The 5-year incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher in women than in men, 2.5% versus 0.7% (P= 0.03). Progression to overt hypothyroidism was observed in 17.9% of subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism over 5???years. Conclusions: The 5-year incidence of thyroid dysfunction in this older population was relatively low, and was associated with obesity and serum TSH level > 2???mIU/L at baseline. Over one in six persons with subclinical hypothyroidism progressed to overt thyroid dysfunction over the 5-year period. Our findings highlight the need for appropriate management of subclinical hypothyroidism among older people.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Schneider, Julie
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Frequency, Course, and Impact of Correctable Visual Impairment (Uncorrected Refractive Error).
%B Survey of ophthalmology
%D 2010
%C United States
%I Elsevier Inc.
%V 55
%N 6
%P 539-60
%@ 1879-3304
%X Uncorrected refractive error has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the priorities for Vision 2020 and a frequent cause of visual impairment. In the past, only the terms presenting visual impairment (PVI) and visual impairment after best refractive correction (BCVI) were used, so that PVI also included BCVI cases. In the more recent literature, visual impairment has been subdivided into two mutually exclusive entities: that which is correctable by refraction (which we now term correctable visual impairment, CVI) and that which cannot be corrected by refraction due to ocular or neurological disease (which we now term non-correctable visual impairment, NCVI, and which is identical to BCVI). PVI remains a useful concept as it includes both types of impairment. Although CVI is reported to be the major form of visual impairment worldwide, its impacts are not yet well understood. CVI has a higher prevalence among vulnerable groups such as older people, less well educated people and those living alone or in rural areas. Systematic data on barriers to refractive correction remain scant, but these may be present at the individual level, within the health service context, or at a social level. Our review indicates that research on CVI is at a relatively early stage and that more detailed research, particularly determining whether it has impacts on independent living and quality of life, is needed before CVI can be justifiably prioritized in health policy.
%Z FOR Codes: 111301 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Cheung, K Katherine
%A Mirzaei, Masoud
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Health policy analysis: a tool to evaluate in policy documents the alignment between policy statements and intended outcomes.
%B Australian Health Review
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I CSIRO Publishing
%V 34
%N 4
%P 405-413
%@ 0156-5788
%X Objective. Health policy analysis remains surprisingly undeveloped in Australia given the power that policy exercises over the direction of public health. This paper describes the use of a policy analysis tool to evaluate the alignment between policy statements and intended outcomes of principal chronic illness policy documents in New South Wales (NSW) from 1999 to 2008. In doing so, it demonstrates the utility of a set of predefined criteria for use in retrospective policy analysis and potential for use in reviewing policy proposals and making future health policies.
%Z FOR Codes: 111717


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Aspin, Clive
%A Jowsey, Tanisha
%A Glasgow, Nicholas
%A Dugdale, Paul
%A Nolte, Ellen
%A O'Hallahan, Jane
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Health policy responses to rising rates of multi-morbid chronic illness in Australia and New Zealand.
%B Australian and New Zealand journal of public health
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia
%V 34
%N 4
%P 386-93
%@ 1326-0200
%X Objective: To examine current health policy in Australia and New Zealand and assess the extent to which the policies equip these countries to meet the challenges associated with increasing rates of multi-morbid chronic illnesses. Method: We examined reports from agencies holding data relating to chronic illness in both countries, looking at prevalence trends and the frequency of multiple morbidities being recorded. We undertook content analysis of health policy documents from Australian and New Zealand government agencies. Results: The majority of people with chronic illness have multiple morbidities. Multi-morbid chronic illnesses significantly effect the health of people in both Australia and New Zealand and place substantial demands on the health systems of those countries. These consequences are both predicted to increase dramatically in the near future. Despite this, neither country explicitly acknowledges multi-morbidity as a major factor in their policies addressing chronic illness. Conclusion and Implication: In addition to considering policy responses to chronic illness, policy makers should explicitly consider policies shaped to address the needs of people with multi-morbid chronic illness.
%Z FOR Codes: 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Schneider, Julie
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Karpa, Michael J
%A McMahon, Catherine M
%A Rochtchina, Elena
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Hearing loss impacts on the use of community and informal supports.
%B Age and ageing
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I Oxford University Press
%V 39
%N 4
%P 458-64
%@ 0002-0729
%X the aim of this study is to estimate the cross-sectional and longitudinal impact of hearing loss on use of community support services and reliance on non-spouse family/friends among older people.
%Z FOR Codes: 111708 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Schneider, Julie M
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A McMahon, Catherine M
%A Britt, Helena C
%A Harrison, Christopher M
%A Usherwood, Tim
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Role of general practitioners in managing age-related hearing loss.
%B The Medical Journal of Australia
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd
%V 192
%N 1
%P 20-23
%@ 0025-729X
%X OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent to which general practitioners in Australia are engaged in identifying age-related hearing loss and facilitating its management. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional analysis of data collected between 1998 and 2000 from the Blue Mountains Hearing Study (BMHS), a representative population-based cohort of people aged >or= 50 years in two postcode areas west of Sydney. Also analysed were data collected between 2003 and 2008 from random samples of Australian GPs who participated in the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) study, a national continuous cross-sectional survey of GP activity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of facilitating management and identification of hearing loss in older patients; content of GP-patient encounters with hearing-impaired people; characteristics of participants seeking help from their GP. RESULTS: Of older people in the BMHS with measured (objective) bilateral hearing loss, about a third reported seeking help from their GP. BEACH survey data showed that only about 3 per 1,000 GP consultations with patients aged >or= 50 years involved management of age-related hearing loss. For every 100 age-related hearing problems managed, GPs undertook 12 procedural treatments, provided 20 referrals to specialists, and made 29 referrals to allied health professionals. CONCLUSION: In their routine consultations with patients, GPs have opportunities to identify hearing loss and appropriately refer patients to specialists or allied health professionals. Although GPs are responding to patient presentations for hearing loss, referring around 50% of cases, there appear to be relatively few cases in which hearing loss is identified opportunistically. Levels of identification and management of hearing loss by GPs in Australia are relatively low.
%Z FOR Codes: 111716 111706


%0 Journal Article
%A Gillespie, James
%A Beaton, Angela
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Rudd’s recipe for rude health
%B Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management
%D 2010
%C Australia
%I Australian College of Health Service Executives
%V 5
%N 1
%P 18-19
%@ 1833-3818
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111709


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Thow, Anne Marie
%A Jan, Stephen
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Swinburn, Boyd
%T The effect of fiscal policy on diet, obesity and chronic disease: a systematic review.
%B Bulletin of the World Health Organization
%D 2010
%C Switzerland
%I World Health Organization
%V 88
%N 8
%P 609-614
%@ 1564-0604
%X OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of food taxes and subsidies on diet, body weight and health through a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: We searched the English-language published and grey literature for empirical and modelling studies on the effects of monetary subsidies or taxes levied on specific food products on consumption habits, body weight and chronic conditions. Empirical studies were dealing with an actual tax, while modelling studies predicted outcomes based on a hypothetical tax or subsidy. FINDINGS: Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria: 13 were from the peer-reviewed literature and 11 were published on line. There were 8 empirical and 16 modelling studies. Nine studies assessed the impact of taxes on food consumption only, 5 on consumption and body weight, 4 on consumption and disease and 6 on body weight only. In general, taxes and subsidies influenced consumption in the desired direction, with larger taxes being associated with more significant changes in consumption, body weight and disease incidence. However, studies that focused on a single target food or nutrient may have overestimated the impact of taxes by failing to take into account shifts in consumption to other foods. The quality of the evidence was generally low. Almost all studies were conducted in high-income countries. CONCLUSION: Food taxes and subsidies have the potential to contribute to healthy consumption patterns at the population level. However, current evidence is generally of low quality and the empirical evaluation of existing taxes is a research priority, along with research into the effectiveness and differential impact of food taxes in developing countries.
%Z FOR Codes: 111104


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Tran, Jackie
%A Mirzaei, Masoud
%A Anderson, Laurie
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T The epidemiology of stroke in the Middle East and North Africa.
%B Journal of the neurological sciences
%D 2010
%C Netherlands, United Kingdom
%I Elsevier BV
%V 295
%N 1-2
%P 38-40
%@ 0022-510X
%X Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world. In the Middle East and North Africa stroke is increasingly becoming a major health problem, with projections that deaths from it will nearly double by 2030. This systematic review aims to bring together age-adjusted epidemiological data of stroke in this region. A literature review of five databases was conducted. Twenty-three papers met the criteria. The incidence of stroke varied extensively among studies. Studies reported rates from 29.8 per 100000 people in Saudi Arabia to 57 per 100000 people in Bahrain. Furthermore, the 28-day case mortality rate also differed among studies, ranging from 10% in Kuwait to 31.5% in Iran. The rates are comparable with those in the Western world; however, the population of the region is younger. The Middle East and North Africa are lacking in data on the epidemiology of stroke. There is an urgent need to develop strategies to prevent and better care for stroke patients in the Middle East and North Africa.
%Z FOR Codes: 1101


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Thow, Anne Marie
%A Heywood, Peter
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Burns, Lee
%T The global context for public health nutrition taxation.
%B Public Health Nutrition
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I Cambridge University Press
%V 14
%N 1
%P 176-186
%@ 1368-9800
%X To assess critically the scope for public health nutrition taxation within the framework of the global tax reform agenda.
%Z FOR Codes: 111104


%0 Journal Article
%A Thow, Anne Marie
%A Swinburn, Boyd
%A Colagiuri, Stephen
%A Diligolevu, Mere
%A Quested, Christine
%A Vivili, Paula
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T Trade and food policy: Case studies from three Pacific Island countries
%B Food Policy
%D 2010
%C United Kingdom
%I Pergamon
%V 35
%N 6
%P 556-564
%@ 0306-9192
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111715


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Schneider, Julie
%A Rochtchina, Elena
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Association Between Age-Related Hearing Loss and Stroke in an Older Population.
%B Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 40
%N 4
%P 1496-8
%@ 0039-2499
%X Very few studies have investigated the association between hearing loss and stroke. A recent article in Stroke reported an increased incidence of stroke among patients with sudden hearing loss over a 5-year follow-up period. Our study aimed to explore this association among subjects with age-related hearing loss from a representative population. Further, we looked at the association between severity of hearing loss and risk of stroke in older persons, acknowledged as a limitation by the authors of the Stroke report.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 110308


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Mirzaei, M
%A Truswell, A S
%A Taylor, R
%A Leeder, S R
%T Coronary heart disease epidemics: not all the same.
%B Heart (British Cardiac Society)
%D 2009
%C UK
%I BMJ Publishing
%V 95
%N 9
%P 740-746
%@ 1355-6037
%X BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) was an important epidemic in many developed countries in the 20th century and there is concern because the epidemic has affected Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia and is starting to affect developing countries. METHODS: The epidemic curves of CHD mortality for 55 countries, which had reliable data and met other selection criteria, were examined using age-standardised death rates 35-74 years from the World Health Organization. Annual male mortality rates for individual countries from 1950 to 2003 were plotted and a table and a graph used to classify countries by magnitude, pattern and timing of its CHD epidemic. RESULTS: The natural history of CHD epidemics varies markedly among countries. Different CHD patterns are distinguishable including "rise and fall" (classic epidemic pattern), "rising" (first part of epidemic) and "flat" (no epidemic yet). Furthermore, epidemic peaks were higher in Anglo-Celtic countries first affected by the epidemic, and subsequent peaks were less, except for the recent extraordinary epidemics in Russia and Central Asian republics. There were considerable differences among some continental or regional geographical areas. Eastern European, South American and Asian countries have quite different epidemic characteristics, including shorter epidemic cycles. CONCLUSIONS: It cannot be assumed that WHO regions or any other geographical regions will be useful when analysing CHD epidemics or deciding upon strategic policies to reduce CHD in individual countries. The needs for action that are urgent in some countries are less so in others, and even regional country groups can have quite different epidemic characteristics.
%Z FOR Codes: 1004


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Schneider, Julie
%A Burlutsky, George
%A Snowdon, John
%A McMahon, Catherine M
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Depressive symptoms in older adults with hearing impairments: the Blue Mountains Study.
%B Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
%V 57
%N 7
%P 1306-1308
%@ 0002-8614
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gillespie, James
%A Essue, Beverley
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Thow, Anne Marie T
%T Grasping the initiative in health policy research and reform.
%B Medical Journal of Australia
%D 2009
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 191
%N 10
%P 528-529
%@ 0025-729X
%X The conference highlighted the need for new policy development using quantitative methods.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Rochtchina, Elena
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Schneider, Julie
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Prevalence of age-related hearing loss in older adults: blue mountains study.
%B Archives of internal medicine
%D 2009
%C United States
%I American Medical Association
%V 169
%N 4
%P 415-416
%@ 0003-9926
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110308


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Mitchell, P
%A Gopinath, B
%A McMahon, C M
%A Rochtchina, E
%A Wang, J J
%A Boyages, S C
%A Leeder, S R
%T Relationship of Type 2 diabetes to the prevalence, incidence and progression of age-related hearing loss.
%B Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
%V 26
%N 5
%P 483-488
%@ 0742-3071
%X Aims Type 2 diabetes and associated microvascular abnormalities are postulated to affect hearing. Our study reports on the relationship between Type 2 diabetes and the prevalence, 5-year incidence and progression of hearing impairment in a representative, older, Australian population. Methods The Blue Mountains Hearing Study is a population-based survey of age-related hearing loss conducted in a defined suburban area, west of Sydney. Hearing loss was defined as the pure-tone average of frequencies 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kHz > 25 decibels hearing level (dB HL) in the better ear (bilateral hearing loss). Type 2 diabetes was defined from reported physician-diagnosed diabetes or fasting blood glucose >/= 7.0 mmol/l. Results Age-related hearing loss was present in 50.0% of diabetic participants (n = 210) compared with 38.2% of non-diabetic participants (n = 1648), odds ratio (OR) 1.55 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.17], after adjusting for multiple risk factors. A relationship of diabetes duration with hearing loss was also demonstrated. After 5 years, incident hearing loss occurred in 18.7% of participants with, and 18.0% of those without diabetes, adjusted OR 1.01 (CI 0.54-1.91). Progression of existing hearing loss (> 5 dB HL), however, was significantly greater in participants with newly diagnosed diabetes (69.6%) than in those without diabetes (47.8%) over this period, adjusted OR 2.71 (CI 1.07-6.86). Conclusions Type 2 diabetes was associated with prevalent, but not incident hearing loss in this older population. Accelerated hearing loss progression over 5 years was more than doubled in persons newly diagnosed with diabetes. These data explore further reported links between Type 2 diabetes and age-related hearing loss.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Hersch, Fred
%A Leeder, Steve
%A Rice, Hester
%T The Oxford Health Alliance gives young people a voice on chronic disease.
%B Health Promotion Journal of Australia
%D 2009
%C Australia
%I Australian Health Promotion Association
%V 20
%N 2
%P 84-85
%@ 1036-1073
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%A Mirzaei, Masoud
%A Truswell, Arthur
%A Taylor, Richard
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T The authors' reply
%B Heart
%D 2009
%C United Kingdom
%I BMJ Group
%V 95
%N 
%P 1192
%@ 1355-6037
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110201


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Rochtchina, Elena
%A Tan, Ava Grace
%A Cumming, Robert G
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Use of inhaled and oral corticosteroids and the long-term risk of cataract.
%B Ophthalmology
%D 2009
%C United States
%I Elsevier Inc.
%V 116
%N 4
%P 652-657
%@ 0161-6420
%X OBJECTIVE: Longitudinal associations between inhaled and oral corticosteroid use and 10-year incident cataract were examined. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 Australians aged 49 years or older (1992-1994); 2335 were re-examined after 5 years and 1952 were re-examined after 10 years (75.1%, 75.6% of survivors, respectively). METHODS: Questionnaires were used to assess inhaled and oral corticosteroid use at baseline. Past users were participants who had used these medications for at least 1 month in the past but were not using them at baseline. Current users were those who were using these medications at baseline and had been doing so for at least 1 month. Ever users combined past and current users. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lens photographs were obtained at each examination and graded for nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts following the Wisconsin Cataract Grading System. Participants without a specific subtype of cataract in either eye at baseline were considered to be at risk of that type of cataract developing over the 10-year follow-up. Incidence of each cataract subtype in this report refers to person-specific, first-eye incidence. RESULTS: At baseline, 103 participants were current and 120 past users of inhaled corticosteroids, and 31 were current and 147 were past users of oral corticosteroids. Current users had a greater risk of developing PSC cataract after adjustment for age and gender (inhaled: odds ratio [OR] 2.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33-4.69; oral: OR 4.11; 95% CI 1.67-10.08) and nuclear cataract (inhaled: OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.21-3.43; oral: OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.26-9.43) but not cortical cataract. Interaction between inhaled and oral corticosteroid use was significant for PSC (P = 0.01) and nuclear (P = 0.02) cataract incidence. In subgroup analyses, only individuals who used both inhaled and oral steroids were at increased risk of PSC cataract (after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and education levels; OR 4.76, 95% CI 2.59-8.74), comparing ever users of both with users of neither. CONCLUSIONS: High long-term risks of PSC and nuclear cataract development were found for users of combined inhaled and oral corticosteroids.
%Z FOR Codes: 111706 111301


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Lewis, Steven J
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Why health reform?
%B The Medical Journal of Australia
%D 2009
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 191
%N 5
%P 270-272
%@ 0025-729X
%X Traditional health care is fragmented, marred by quality and safety defects, with a failure to provide evidence-based care, and huge and unjustifiable variations in practice. There is abundant evidence that traditional means of delivering health care are obsolete. Concerns are deepening about persistent and widening gaps in health status that health care cannot overcome. Increased spending on health care has never definitively solved the problems of access, quality, or equity. Non-medical determinants of health indicate that the solutions to health problems lie mainly outside health care. The current financial crisis may create the urgency and courage to both eliminate the fundamental problems in health care delivery and reduce health disparities.
%Z FOR Codes: 111709


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Thistlethwaite, Jill E
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Kidd, Michael R
%A Shaw, Tim
%T Addressing general practice workforce shortages: policy options.
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2008
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 189
%N 2
%P 118-121
%@ 1326-5377
%X There is an ongoing shortage of general practitioners in Australia, accompanied by a decline in the popularity of general practice as a career choice. Many factors influence the career choice of junior doctors and medical students, including role models, the quality of clinical attachments during training, remuneration, and flexibility of training and working hours. Evidence-based strategies that could increase the number of doctors choosing general practice as a career include longer and higher-quality general practice attachments during medical school and the early postgraduate years, and emphasising the positive aspects of general practice, such as flexibility. General practice would become a more attractive choice if remuneration was in line with hospital specialties.
%Z FOR Codes: 130209


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Russell, Lesley M
%A Boxall, Anne-Marie
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Australian Government health advisory groups and health policy: seeking a horse, finding a camel.
%B The Medical Journal of Australia
%D 2008
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd
%V 189
%N 10
%P 583-585
%@ 0025-729X
%X Since its election, the Rudd Labor Government has created 10 new advisory bodies in the health portfolio, in addition to the 100 or more that were already established. An expansive and devolved advisory system could improve the health policy-making process, but only if it is integrated into the processes of government. We outline eight simple and practical measures that, if implemented, would make Australia''s health advisory system more transparent and effective. Past experience shows that the most important factor governing the impact of health policy advisory bodies is political leadership.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Thistlethwaite, Jill
%A Kidd, Michael
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Shaw, Tim
%A Corcoran, Kate
%T Enhancing the choice of general practice as a career.
%B Australian Family Physician
%D 2008
%C Australia
%I Royal Australian College of General Practitioners
%V 37
%N 11
%P 964-968
%@ 0300-8495
%X BACKGROUND: The shortage of general practitioners in Australia is likely to continue unless more doctors choose general practice as a career. The aim of this qualitative research was to explore the factors that influence students'' and junior doctors'' career choice, particularly in respect to choosing general practice. METHODS: Medical students, junior doctors, general practice registrars and GPs were recruited and interviewed. The interviews were semistructured, transcribed and analysed by theme. RESULTS: Themes from the 38 interviews included the experience of general practice during training, the impact of the postgraduate general practice placements program, and factors that make general practice attractive or unattractive as a career choice. DISCUSSION: There are a number of factors that contribute to medical students'' and junior doctors'' career choice. Attention needs to be paid to the quality of the general practice learning experience and general practice posts in the early postgraduate years, and the attractions of general practice should be promoted.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Greenberg, Henry
%A Raymond, Susan U
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Global health assistance for chronic illness: a look at the practical.
%B Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
%D 2008
%C United Kingdom
%I Elsevier
%V 51
%N 1
%P 89-96
%@ 1532-8643
%X The changing pattern of disease in the developing world calls for a change in the structure, goals, and personnel of global health assistance. Chronic diseases are now the dominant threat to health and are becoming a challenge to economic advancement in developing economies. Because confronting these diseases, heart disease and diabetes mellitus in particular, requires long-tem, ongoing programs, the support and funding must come from within and therefore must reflect a nation''s commitment to combat them. One model for this change is a 3-legged stool or platform upon which an assault on chronic disease can be built. The 3 legs are (1) an effective primary health care delivery system, (2) effective health promotion, and (3) a macroeconomic repositioning of health within the government bureaucracy and the world of commerce. To construct each of these legs requires changes in the structure and roles of global health assistance organizations.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Lewis, Milton
%T Learning from past commissions.
%B The Medical Journal of Australia
%D 2008
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 189
%N 5
%P 268-269
%@ 1326-5377
%X History doesn''t repeat itself; at best it sometimes rhymes - learning from the past to secure future success.
%Z FOR Codes: 111799


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Roberts, M M
%A Leeder, S R
%A Robinson, T D
%T Nurse-led 24-h hotline for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease reduces hospital use and is safe.
%B Internal Medicine Journal
%D 2008
%C Australia
%I Wiley-Blackwell
%V 38
%N 5
%P 334-340
%@ 1445-5994
%X BACKGROUND: Despite recent advances in the management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interventions to reduce hospitalization have had only modest success. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of a novel, nurse-led 24-h telephone support line (hotline) for patients with COPD. METHODS: Observational study of patients'' use of hotline between September 2002 and November 2004. All patients with COPD referred to a Respiratory Ambulatory Care programme over this period (n = 458) were given access to the hotline. The number and time of calls to the hotline, outcomes of hotline calls and safety of hotline, were assessed. The characteristics of hotline callers and non-callers were compared using an unpaired Student''s t-test for normally distributed variables, a chi(2) test for categorical variables and a Mann-Whitney test for non-normally distributed variables. RESULTS: Over the period studied, 675 calls were made to the hotline by 118 patients and 56% of calls were made after hours. For 78 calls (12%), advice and interventions given by hotline staff averted potential 000 calls by patients/carers. Specific advice about interventions for acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) was given in a further 117 calls (17%). Callers had more severe COPD than non-callers (worse lung function, lower exercise capacity and higher prescription of home oxygen, all P < 0.05). No adverse events related to use of the hotline were documented. CONCLUSION: A nurse-led 24-h hotline for patients with COPD is safe, is used by patients and carers and, when used, reduces hospital presentations with AECOPD.
%Z FOR Codes: 110203


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Russell, Lesley M
%A Rubin, George L
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Preventive health reform: what does it mean for public health?
%B The Medical Journal of Australia
%D 2008
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd
%V 188
%N 12
%P 715-719
%@ 0025-729X
%X A revitalised public health strategy offers the most sustainable way to address current health inequalities and prevent chronic non-communicable diseases. Success in these goals requires a whole-of-government approach and long-term investments. A sizeable proportion of this investment must be outside the health sector, in the social, economic and environmental fabric of our society. The benefits of the federal government''s proposed prevention agenda will only be realised if there is greater clarity about what constitutes preventive health activity, who is responsible for carrying out the preventive agenda, how it is integrated and funded within the health care system, and how prevention outcomes will be measured and evaluated.
%Z FOR Codes: 111716


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Rochtchina, Elena
%A Liew, Gerald
%A Tan, Ava G
%A Wong, Tien Yin
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Smith, Wayne
%A Shankar, Anoop
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T The Long-term Relation among Retinal Arteriolar Narrowing, Blood Pressure, and Incident Severe Hypertension.
%B American journal of epidemiology
%D 2008
%C United States
%I Oxford University Press
%V 168
%N 1
%P 80-8
%@ 0002-9262
%X The authors assessed associations between retinal vascular signs and incident severe hypertension in an older population-based cohort. At baseline (1992-1994), 3,654 residents aged 49-97 years living in the Blue Mountains area west of Sydney, Australia, were examined; respectively, 2,335 (75.1%) and 1,952 (76%) survivors were reexamined 5 and 10 years later. Retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were measured, and average central retinal artery and central retinal vein equivalents for that eye were estimated. Severe hypertension was defined by previous diagnosis of hypertension plus antihypertensive medication use or by systolic blood pressure > or =160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure > or =100 mmHg at examinations. Of the 1,424 participants at risk, 618 developed severe hypertension over 10 years (cumulative incidence = 47.7%, 95% confidence interval: 44.9, 50.5). Participants who subsequently developed severe hypertension had significantly narrower mean central retinal artery equivalents than those who did not (187.0 vs. 191.9 mum, p < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, mean arterial blood pressure, and plasma glucose and triglyceride levels, baseline narrowing central retinal artery equivalent was associated with increased risk of severe hypertension (per standard deviation reduction, odds ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 1.2; narrowest vs. widest quintile, odds ratio = 1.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 2.1). These findings support structural narrowing in small arteries and arterioles antecedent to clinical onset of severe hypertension.
%Z FOR Codes: 110201 111706


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Liew, Gerald
%A Flood, Victoria M
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Kifley, Annette
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T The association between weight gain and thyroid function in an older population.
%B Archives of Internal Medicine
%D 2008
%C United States
%I American Medical Association
%V 168
%N 20
%P 2283-2284
%@ 0003-9926
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 110306 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Gopinath, Bamini
%A Wang, Jie Jin
%A Kifley, Annette
%A Wall, Jack R
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Mitchell, Paul
%T Type 2 diabetes does not predict incident thyroid dysfunction in the elderly.
%B Diabetes research and clinical practice
%D 2008
%C Ireland
%I Elsevier Ireland Ltd
%V 82
%N 0
%P e11-3
%@ 0168-8227
%X Thyroid dysfunction was assessed in an older population-based cohort with type 2 diabetes. Among type 2 diabetes subjects, 7.1% had incident thyroid dysfunction versus 3.8% in those without diabetes (odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 0.88-4.38). Screening of thyroid dysfunction in older diabetes subjects is not supported by these findings.
%Z FOR Codes: 110306


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Smith-Merry, Jennifer
%A Gillespie, James
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T A pathway to a stronger research culture in health policy.
%B Australia and New Zealand health policy
%D 2007
%C United Kingdom
%I BioMed Central Ltd.
%V 4
%N 
%P 19-26
%@ 1743-8462
%X ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: There are currently limited pathways into a career in health policy research in Australia, due in part to a serious absence of health policy research capability in Australian universities. DISCUSSION: We define what we consider health policy research and education should comprise. We then examine what is currently on offer and propose ways to strengthen health policy research in Australia. SUMMARY: This paper, which is part analysis and part commentary, is offered to provoke wider debate about how health policy research can be nurtured in Australia.
%Z FOR Codes: 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Orchard, John W
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Moorhead, Gary E
%A Coates, Jessica J
%A Brukner, Peter D
%T Australia urgently needs a federal government body dedicated to monitoring and preventing sports injuries.
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 187
%N 9
%P 505-506
%@ 1326-5377
%X Financial motivation can encourage greater sports injury prevention efforts.
%Z FOR Codes: 1117


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Armstrong, Bruce K
%A Gillespie, James A
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Rubin, George L
%A Russell, Lesley M
%T Challenges in health and health care for Australia.
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 187
%N 9
%P 485-9
%@ 1326-5377
%X The next Australian Government will confront major challenges in the funding and delivery of health care. These challenges derive from: Changes in demography and disease patterns as the population ages, and the burden of chronic illness grows; Increasing costs of medical advances and the need to ensure that there are comprehensive, efficient and transparent processes for assessing health technologies; Problems with health workforce supply and distribution; Persistent concerns about the quality and safety of health services; Uncertainty about how best to balance public and private sectors in the provision and funding of health services; Recognition that we must invest more in the health of our children; The role of urban planning in creating healthy and sustainable communities; and Understanding that achieving equity in health, especially for Indigenous Australians, requires more than just providing health care services. The search for effective and lasting solutions will require a consultative approach to deciding the nation''s priority health problems and to designing the health system that will best address them; issues of bureaucratic and fiscal responsibility can then follow.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Webb, Karen L
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T New Year's resolution: let's get rid of excessive food prices in remote Australia.
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 186
%N 1
%P 7-8
%@ 1326-5377
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111101 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Almqvist, Catarina
%A Garden, Frances
%A Xuan, Wei
%A Mihrshahi, Seema
%A Leeder, Steve R
%A Oddy, Wendy
%A Webb, Karen
%A Marks, Guy B
%A , CAPS team
%T Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid exposure from early life does not affect atopy and asthma at age 5 years.
%B The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
%D 2007
%C United States
%I Mosby, Inc.
%V 119
%N 6
%P 1438-1444
%@ 0091-6749
%X BACKGROUND: The Childhood Asthma Prevention Study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in children with a family history of asthma in whom omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and restriction of dietary omega-6 fatty acids did not prevent asthma, eczema, or atopy at age 5 years. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relation of all measures of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with outcomes at age 5 years in the whole birth cohort, regardless of randomization group. METHODS: Plasma fatty acids were measured at 18 months, 3 years, and 5 years. Compliance with the fatty acid supplements was estimated every 6 months. Dietary intake was assessed at 18 months by means of weighed-food record and at 3 years by means of food-frequency questionnaire. At age 5 years, 516 children were examined for wheeze and eczema (questionnaire) and atopy (skin prick tests, n = 488). Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between exposures and outcomes. RESULTS: Plasma levels of omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids were not associated with wheeze, eczema, or atopy at age 5 years (P = .11-.96). Overall, fatty acid exposure, measured as plasma levels, dietary intake, and compliance with supplements, was not associated with any respiratory or allergic outcomes (P = .35-.59). CONCLUSION: This observational analysis of the cohort, using the full range of observed variation in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid exposure, supports the negative findings of the randomized controlled trial. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Modification of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in early childhood is not helpful in preventing atopy and asthma.
%Z FOR Codes: 110203 110701 111403


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Beaglehole, Robert
%A Reddy, Srinath
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Poverty and human development: the global implications of cardiovascular disease.
%B Circulation
%D 2007
%C US
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 116
%N 17
%P 1871-1873
%@ 1524-4539
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Mirzaei, Masoud
%A Taylor, Richard
%A Morrell, Stephen
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Predictors of blood pressure in a cohort of school-aged children.
%B European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology
%D 2007
%C United States, Franc
%I Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
%V 14
%N 5
%P 624-629
%@ 1741-8267
%X OBJECTIVES: To examine anthropometric measures and birthweight as predictors of blood pressure (BP) in a cohort of children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal study comprising baseline anthropometric and BP measurements conducted in 1994 (n=1230), with follow-up in 1997 (n=628). SETTING: Seventy-five inner-Sydney primary schools. PARTICIPANTS: School children aged 8-9 years at baseline and 11-12 years at follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP). STUDY FACTORS: Current weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHR), weight gain since birth and birth weight. Potential confounders: age, sex and socioeconomic status (on the basis of the area of residence). RESULTS: Current weight was significantly associated with both SBP and DBP in boys and girls at baseline and follow-up. BMI and WC were similar predictors of SBP and DBP in each survey, but longitudinal BMI change has a stronger association with SBP (r=0.43, P<0.001) and DBP (r=0.26, P<0.001) than changes in WC (r=0.18, P<0.001 for SBP and r=0.16, P<0.001 for DBP) and WHR in boys with the similar results for girls. The unadjusted associations between SBP and DBP and birthweight were nonsignificant. After adjustments for age, height and socioeconomic status, however, the association becomes negative and significant in boys (beta=-1.47, P=0.04 for SBP and beta=-1.33, P=0.03 for DBP). CONCLUSION: Longitudinal change in BMI is a better predictor of BP than change in WC or the WHR, although cross-sectional measurements of BMI and WC are very similar predictors of BP. In preventing subsequent adverse effects on BP, attending to body weight during childhood is important.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T Preparing interns for practice in the 21st century.
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 186
%N 7 Suppl
%P S6-S8
%@ 1326-5377
%X Internship in the 2 years between university and specialisation or general practice is intended to prepare medical graduates for the practicalities of lifelong professional practice. Changes in both society and new doctors'' expectations mean that anachronistic teaching models need to give way to improved education during internship by doing the following: providing better education and rewards for intern trainers; piloting and evaluating new intern rotations, with support; promoting the value of teaching and training as a means of assuring quality and safety; using the new Australian Curriculum Framework for Junior Doctors to promote diverse learning pathways for interns while establishing an Australian baseplate for internship education; piloting and evaluating the effectiveness of intern education programs with minimal bureaucratic arrangements; advocating hospitals and health departments for improved intern training; and continuing efforts to ensure that the continuum of learning from undergraduate to postgraduate medical education strengthens so as to avoid unnecessary repetition.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Beaglehole, Robert
%A Ebrahim, Shah
%A Reddy, Srinath
%A Voûte, Janet
%A Leeder, Steve
%A , Chronic Disease Action Group
%T Prevention of chronic diseases: a call to action.
%B Lancet
%D 2007
%C US
%I The Lancet Publishing group
%V 370
%N 9605
%P 2152-2157
%@ 1474-547X
%X Chronic (non-communicable) diseases--principally cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes--are leading causes of death and disability but are surprisingly neglected elements of the global-health agenda. They are underappreciated as development issues and underestimated as diseases with profound economic effects. Achievement of the global goal for prevention and control of chronic diseases would avert 36 million deaths by 2015 and would have major economic benefits. The main challenge for achievement of the global goal is to show that it can be reached in a cost-effective manner with existing interventions. This series of papers in The Lancet provides evidence that this goal is not only possible but also realistic with a small set of interventions directed towards whole populations and individuals who are at high risk. The total yearly cost of the interventions in 23 low-income and middle-income countries is about US$5.8 billion (as of 2005). In this final paper in the Series we call for a serious and sustained worldwide effort to prevent and control chronic diseases in the context of a general strengthening of health systems. Urgent action is needed by WHO, the World Bank, regional banks and development agencies, foundations, national governments, civil society, non-governmental organisations, the private sector including the pharmaceutical industry, and academics. We have established the Chronic Disease Action Group to encourage, support, and monitor action on the implementation of evidence-based efforts to promote global, regional, and national action to prevent and control chronic diseases.
%Z FOR Codes: 111716 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Russell, Lesley
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T The Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) program may be left high and dry.
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 187
%N 8
%P 429-430
%@ 1326-5377
%X Withdrawal of government funding may force the closure of this invaluable resource.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Colagiuri, Ruth
%A Pramming, Stig
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T The Oxford Health Alliance: a risky business?
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 187
%N 11-12
%P 652-653
%@ 1326-5377
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Russell, Lesley
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%A Armstrong, Bruce K
%A Gillespie, James A
%A Rubin, George L
%T The first 100 days: an open letter to the new Minister for Health.
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 187
%N 11-12
%P 608-609
%@ 1326-5377
%X 
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Leeder, Stephen
%A Raymond, Susan
%A Greenberg, Henry
%T The need for leadership in global health.
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 187
%N 9
%P 532-5
%@ 1326-5377
%X Globalisation has brought with it many advances in health, but also a new range of challenges. There is a need to move from "nation-focused" (international) public health to global public health--and the terminology we use here matters. Global public health leadership requires that respect be shown to evidence, especially that about the changing nature of disease worldwide. The Australian medical and research communities have a significant opportunity to provide global public health leadership.
%Z FOR Codes:


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Leeder, Stephen
%T The scope, mission and method of contemporary public health.
%B Australian and New Zealand journal of public health
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Public Health Association of Australia
%V 31
%N 6
%P 505-508
%@ 1326-0200
%X A coherent public health response is critical to successfully addressing a wide range of issues facing society - from avian influenza through to climate change and obesity. Much can be learned from the long and varied history of public health. From the pioneering work of Ibn Sina to the ''new public health'' and recent WHO commission on the social determinants of health, we see that public health has been constantly responsive to emerging concerns. It is also clear that it is not only ''traditional'' notions of public health but action from diverse fields has helped to achieve the improvements in health that we now see. However, great inequality in health outcomes remain as we enter the 21st Century. Our challenge as the public health community is to engage diverse groups in advocating not just for health, but also for reductions in poverty and inequality.
%Z FOR Codes: 111702


%0 Journal Article
%~ PubMed
%A Yen, Laurann E
%A Wells, Robert W
%A Gillespie, James A
%A Leeder, Stephen R
%T The search for better financing of health care, including that for people with chronic illness.
%B The Medical journal of Australia
%D 2007
%C Australia
%I Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd.
%V 186
%N 9
%P 438-439
%@ 1326-5377
%X 
%Z FOR Codes: 111709 111702