DNA and Chromososmes

• DNA structure
• DNA significance: storage, transmission expression
• Semi-conservative DNA replication
• DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

  Transcription of the Genetic Code

• The Central Dogma
• RNA structure
• Transcription
• Genes: definition, structure, and regulation.
• Prokaryotic Vs. eukaryotic genes

Translation of the Gene Message

• The genetic code
• mRNA, tRNA, rRNA: structures and functions
• Ribosomes
• Translation: initiation, elongation, termination.

 Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning

• Recombinant DNA technology
• Cleavage of DNA and restriction endonucleases
• Repair of DNA and DNA ligase
• Cloning DNA and cloning vectors
• Implications of genetic engineering

 Genes and their Transmission

• Genotype and phenotype
• One gene specifies one polypeptide
• Loci and alleles
• Dominance, incomplete dominance and co-dominance
• The Principle of Segregation
• Crosses

 Inheritance of Combination of Genes

• Dihybrid Crosses
• The Principle of Independent Assortment
• Epistasis
• Quantitative characters
• Linkage and genetic distance

 Sex and the Single Chromosome

• Sex chromosomes Vs. autosomes
• Expected sex ratios
• Male mammal specified by Y chromosome
• X chromosome inactivation
• Sex linked inheritance

 The Gene Pool and Alleles in Populations

• Selfish DNA
• Allele frequencies from phenotype data
• The Hardy Weinberg Principle
• Forces which change expected allele frequencies
• Polymorphisms
• Mutations