Outline

Academic unit	Clinical Imaging
Credit points	6
Prerequisites ?	MRTY3123
Corequisites ?	None
Prohibitions ?	None
Assumed knowledge ?	None
Available to study abroad and exchange students	No

Coordinator	Susan Said, susan.said@sydney.edu.au

Type	Description	Weight	Due	Length
Skills-based evaluation	Advanced Modality Competency Manual Skills based evaluation	0%	Week -01 Due date: 22 Feb 2021 at 23:59 Closing date: 01 Mar 2021	n/a
Outcomes assessed:
Placement	Final Clinical Supervisor Assessment Skills-based assessment - Placement	50%	Week -01 Due date: 22 Feb 2021 at 23:59 Closing date: 01 Mar 2021	n/a
Outcomes assessed:
Assignment	Reflective Case Study Assignment	50%	Week 01 Due date: 01 Mar 2021 at 23:59 Closing date: 15 Mar 2021	1500 words
Outcomes assessed:
= hurdle task ?

Result name	Mark range	Description
High distinction	85 - 100
Distinction	75 - 84
Credit	65 - 74
Pass	50 - 64
Fail	0 - 49	When you don’t meet the learning outcomes of the unit to a satisfactory standard.

Learning outcomes are what students know, understand and are able to do on completion of a unit of study. They are aligned with the University's graduate qualities and are assessed as part of the curriculum.

At the completion of this unit, you should be able to:

LO1. demonstrate effective verbal, non-verbal and written communication in the workplace including interactions with staff, other health practitioners, patients and accompanying persons
LO2. recognise communication barriers and apply strategies to facilitate effective communication
LO3. demonstrate the ability to provide each patient with an appropriate level of care and dignity
LO4. demonstrate an understanding of the principles of Work Health and Safety (infection control, manual handling and radiation safety), and apply these principles to the radiographic work place
LO5. demonstrate an ability to work effectively as a member of the interdisciplinary team, including applying the principles of self-directed learning in the work place
LO6. apply a system that ensures the correct identification of patients and correct matching of patients with their intended procedure
LO7. identify and respond to a patient’s deteriorating condition, or inability to undergo a procedure or treatment, consistent with duty of care and statutory requirements
LO8. demonstrate knowledge of medical terminology as relevant to the role of a radiographer
LO9. demonstrate the ability to confirm the appropriateness of clinical procedures including understanding clinical indicators and radiation risks, and identifying factors which may affect the patient’s’ capacity to undergo a procedure
LO10. demonstrate an understanding of when it may be appropriate to advocate on a patients’ behalf during a radiographic procedure, and further develop the ability to advise other members of the health care team regarding the appropriateness of a radiographic procedure
LO11. demonstrate an understanding of procedures for reporting and rectifying equipment faults and safety hazards and apply this in the radiographic work place
LO12. apply knowledge of standard specialised projections, exposure factors, image criteria and safe radiation practice for all routine and complex general radiographic examinations, including those that use contrast
LO13. apply knowledge of patient preparation, care and aftercare, image criteria and safe radiation practice for fluoroscopic examinations, including those that use fixed and mobile equipment, with or without contrast
LO14. demonstrate the ability to perform and evaluate routine unenhanced and contrast CT examinations of the body and, when appropriate, modify them to take into account patient presentation and clinical indications
LO15. demonstrate the ability to assist in the preparation/acquisition of imaging for patients undergoing MRI examinations (with and without contrast), ultrasound examinations and hybrid imaging
LO16. demonstrate an understanding of and participate where possible in advanced imaging such as mammography
LO17. demonstrate an ability to actively participate in advanced imaging such as interventional radiography to a general level
LO18. apply clinical reasoning and reflective thinking skills to determine diagnostic acceptability of own work, including image critiquing, evaluation and image manipulation.

Graduate qualities

The graduate qualities are the qualities and skills that all University of Sydney graduates must demonstrate on successful completion of an award course. As a future Sydney graduate, the set of qualities have been designed to equip you for the contemporary world.

GQ1	Depth of disciplinary expertise Deep disciplinary expertise is the ability to integrate and rigorously apply knowledge, understanding and skills of a recognised discipline defined by scholarly activity, as well as familiarity with evolving practice of the discipline.
GQ2	Critical thinking and problem solving Critical thinking and problem solving are the questioning of ideas, evidence and assumptions in order to propose and evaluate hypotheses or alternative arguments before formulating a conclusion or a solution to an identified problem.
GQ3	Oral and written communication Effective communication, in both oral and written form, is the clear exchange of meaning in a manner that is appropriate to audience and context.
GQ4	Information and digital literacy Information and digital literacy is the ability to locate, interpret, evaluate, manage, adapt, integrate, create and convey information using appropriate resources, tools and strategies.
GQ5	Inventiveness Generating novel ideas and solutions.
GQ6	Cultural competence Cultural Competence is the ability to actively, ethically, respectfully, and successfully engage across and between cultures. In the Australian context, this includes and celebrates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, knowledge systems, and a mature understanding of contemporary issues.
GQ7	Interdisciplinary effectiveness Interdisciplinary effectiveness is the integration and synthesis of multiple viewpoints and practices, working effectively across disciplinary boundaries.
GQ8	Integrated professional, ethical, and personal identity An integrated professional, ethical and personal identity is understanding the interaction between one’s personal and professional selves in an ethical context.
GQ9	Influence Engaging others in a process, idea or vision.

Outcome map

Learning outcomes	Graduate qualities
Learning outcomes

Alignment with Competency standards

Outcomes	Competency standards
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - Domain 3. Communicator and collaborator Domain 3.1. Communicate clearly, sensitively and effectively with the patient/client and their family or carers. Domain 3.1.a. Establish rapport with the patient/client to understand their issues and perspectives. Domain 3.1.b. Communicate effectively with the patient/client (and at times beyond the patient/client) to collect and convey information about the proposed examination/treatment. Domain 3.1.c. Convey knowledge and procedural information in ways that create trust and confidence and respects the patient/client’s confidentiality, privacy and dignity. Domain 3.1.d. Provide an opportunity for the patient/client to explore the purpose of the proposed examination/treatment, the methods used and the usual patient/client experience. Domain 3.1.e. Identify likely communication barriers specific to individual patients/clients and/or family/carers and implement strategies to avoid or overcome them. Domain 3.1.f. Make appropriate adjustments to communication style to suit the particular needs of the patient/client including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Domain 3.1.g. Make provisions to engage third parties to facilitate effective communication when needed. Domain 3.1.h. Obtain informed consent, explaining the purpose, risks and benefits of the proposed examination/treatment. Domain 3.2. Collaborate with other health practitioners. Domain 3.2.a. Establish and maintain effective and respectful working relationships with health practitioners. Domain 3.2.b. Understand, acknowledge and respect the roles and responsibilities of healthcare team members and other service providers, and work effectively and collaboratively with them. Domain 3.2.c. Follow accepted protocols and procedures to provide relevant and timely verbal and written communication. Domain 3.2.d. Make recommendations to other members of the healthcare team about the suitability and application of the proposed medical radiation examination/treatment, when appropriate.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - Domain 2.2.a. Recognise and evaluate the socio-cultural factors that may influence patient/client attitudes and responses to medical radiation services. Domain 2.2.b. Apply the principles of cultural competence and culturally safe care to practice. Domain 3. Communicator and collaborator Domain 3.1.b. Communicate effectively with the patient/client (and at times beyond the patient/client) to collect and convey information about the proposed examination/treatment. Domain 3.1.e. Identify likely communication barriers specific to individual patients/clients and/or family/carers and implement strategies to avoid or overcome them. Domain 3.1.f. Make appropriate adjustments to communication style to suit the particular needs of the patient/client including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples and those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Domain 3.1.g. Make provisions to engage third parties to facilitate effective communication when needed.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.7. Deliver patient/client care. 1.7.a. Recognise patients/clients whose condition is deteriorating, or who are unable to undergo an examination/treatment and respond to their needs in an appropriate and timely way consistent with standards of safe and high-quality care. This includes calling for emergency help when needed. 1.7.c. If the practitioner identifies any urgent or unexpected findings, take appropriate and timely action to ensure the immediate management of the patient/client. 1.7.d. Provide appropriate patient/client care before, during and after the examination/treatment. Domain 2.2. Provide each patient/client with dignity and care. Domain 2.2.a. Recognise and evaluate the socio-cultural factors that may influence patient/client attitudes and responses to medical radiation services. Domain 2.2.b. Apply the principles of cultural competence and culturally safe care to practice. Domain 2.2.c. Display appropriate professional behaviour in patient/client interactions. Domain 2.2.d. Identify and respect appropriate boundaries between patients/clients and health professionals. Domain 2.3.a. Make appropriate professional decisions about the care of patients. Domain 2.4.b. Recognise when it may be appropriate to intervene on behalf of the patient/client.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - Domain 5. Radiation safety and risk manager Domain 5.1. Perform and provide safe radiation practice. Domain 5.1.a. Comply with relevant radiation safety legislation. Domain 5.1.b. Practice in accordance with relevant radiation safety guidelines. Domain 5.1.c. Apply knowledge of radiobiology and medical radiation physics to examinations/treatment. Domain 5.1.d. Apply knowledge of radiobiology and radiation dose adjustment to deliver safe and effective patient/client outcomes. Domain 5.1.f. Identify radiation risks and implement effective and appropriate risk management systems and procedures. Domain 5.2. Protect and enhance patient/client safety. Domain 5.2.c. Identify and manage risks associated with patient/client transfer. Domain 5.2.d. Identify and manage risk of infection, including during aseptic procedures. Domain 5.4. Maintain safety of the workplace and associated environments. Domain 5.4.a. Identify safety hazards in the workplace and respond to incidents (including radiation and radioactivity incidents) in a timely and appropriate manner, in accordance with protocols and procedures. Domain 5.4.b. Report on all incidents (including radiation and radioactivity incidents) as needed. Domain 5.4.c. Manage the environmental risks of manufactured radiation and radioactivity. Domain 5.4.d. Identify, confirm and implement methods of radiation management. Domain 5.4.e. Use safe and legal methods for managing manufactured radiation sources, including using appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment and complying with shielding requirements.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - Domain 2.1.h. Exercise appropriate levels of autonomy and professional judgement in a variety of medical radiation practice settings. Domain 3.2. Collaborate with other health practitioners. Domain 3.2.a. Establish and maintain effective and respectful working relationships with health practitioners. Domain 3.2.b. Understand, acknowledge and respect the roles and responsibilities of healthcare team members and other service providers, and work effectively and collaboratively with them. Domain 3.2.c. Follow accepted protocols and procedures to provide relevant and timely verbal and written communication. Domain 3.2.d. Make recommendations to other members of the healthcare team about the suitability and application of the proposed medical radiation examination/treatment, when appropriate. Domain 4. Evidence-informed practitioner Domain 4.1.b. Find, critically appraise, interpret and apply best available research evidence to inform clinical reasoning and professional decision-making. Domain 4.1.c. Provide evidence-informed patient/client-centred care by carefully considering the purpose of the proposed examination/treatment, reviewing existing protocols and methods, reflecting on clinical challenges or experiences and integrating knowledge and findings into practice. Domain 4.1.d. Recognise opportunities to contribute to the development of new knowledge through research and enquiry. Domain 4.2. Identify ongoing professional learning needs and opportunities Domain 4.2.a. Comply with legal and professional responsibilities to complete CPD. Domain 4.2.b. Critically reflect on own strengths and limitations to identify learning needed to improve and adapt professional practice. Domain 4.2.c. Seek input from others to confirm learning needs of self and others to enhance the quality of patient/client care. Domain 4.2.d. Plan and implement steps to address professional learning and development needs.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.2.b. Use clinical information management systems to accurately record patient/client history and any examination/treatment provided to the patient/client, ensuring that the correct examination/treatment is associated with the correct patient. 1.2.c. Ensure that stored clinical information (information and images) is associated with the correct patient/client and examination/treatment. 1.2.d. Identify and respond appropriately when clinical information is incorrectly associated with the identity of a patient/client and/or examination/treatment. 1.4.a. Understand the patient’s/client’s clinical history, referral and current medical information to confirm the requested or prescribed procedure is appropriate, drawing on knowledge of other imaging and treatment pathways. 1.4.b. Determine the appropriate imaging and/or treatment protocols and priorities, which consider the information collected during the interaction with the patient/client and knowledge of imaging and/or treatment options. 1.4.c. Adapt the requested examination/treatment to an individual patient/client considering available clinical information.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.5. Assess the patient’s/client’s capacity to receive care. 1.5.a. Identify factors or conditions that may affect the patient’s/client’s behaviour and/or capacity to provide informed consent and undergo the procedure and triage patients/clients when needed. 1.7.a. Recognise patients/clients whose condition is deteriorating, or who are unable to undergo an examination/treatment and respond to their needs in an appropriate and timely way consistent with standards of safe and high-quality care. This includes calling for emergency help when needed. Domain 2.3.a. Make appropriate professional decisions about the care of patients. Domain 2.4. Advocate on behalf of the patient/client when appropriate. Domain 2.4.b. Recognise when it may be appropriate to intervene on behalf of the patient/client. Domain 5.2. Protect and enhance patient/client safety.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.1.b. Apply knowledge of the scientific explanations underpinning disease and injuries affecting the human body to enable delivery of safe, high-quality examinations/treatment. 1.4.a. Understand the patient’s/client’s clinical history, referral and current medical information to confirm the requested or prescribed procedure is appropriate, drawing on knowledge of other imaging and treatment pathways.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.3. Understand and apply the different methods of imaging and treatment. 1.4. Confirm the procedure according to clinical indicators. 1.4.a. Understand the patient’s/client’s clinical history, referral and current medical information to confirm the requested or prescribed procedure is appropriate, drawing on knowledge of other imaging and treatment pathways. 1.4.b. Determine the appropriate imaging and/or treatment protocols and priorities, which consider the information collected during the interaction with the patient/client and knowledge of imaging and/or treatment options. 1.4.c. Adapt the requested examination/treatment to an individual patient/client considering available clinical information. 1.5. Assess the patient’s/client’s capacity to receive care. 1.5.a. Identify factors or conditions that may affect the patient’s/client’s behaviour and/or capacity to provide informed consent and undergo the procedure and triage patients/clients when needed. 1.5.b. Identify patient/client preparation requirements. 1.5.c. Identify patients/clients most at risk, including pregnant women and the foetus, breastfeeding mothers and their children.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.4.a. Understand the patient’s/client’s clinical history, referral and current medical information to confirm the requested or prescribed procedure is appropriate, drawing on knowledge of other imaging and treatment pathways. 1.5. Assess the patient’s/client’s capacity to receive care. 1.5.a. Identify factors or conditions that may affect the patient’s/client’s behaviour and/or capacity to provide informed consent and undergo the procedure and triage patients/clients when needed. 1.5.c. Identify patients/clients most at risk, including pregnant women and the foetus, breastfeeding mothers and their children. Domain 2. Professional and ethical practitioner Domain 2.4. Advocate on behalf of the patient/client when appropriate. Domain 2.4.a. Support and promote the rights and interests of patients/clients and support them to represent their own interests, when appropriate. Domain 2.4.b. Recognise when it may be appropriate to intervene on behalf of the patient/client. Domain 2.4.c. Recognise when an alternative patient/client pathway may be more appropriate and make recommendations to other practitioners. Domain 3.2. Collaborate with other health practitioners. Domain 3.2.d. Make recommendations to other members of the healthcare team about the suitability and application of the proposed medical radiation examination/treatment, when appropriate.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - Domain 5.1.b. Practice in accordance with relevant radiation safety guidelines. Domain 5.1.f. Identify radiation risks and implement effective and appropriate risk management systems and procedures. Domain 5.1.g. Recognise and report on near misses and their consequences, in addition to adverse events and relevant contributing factors. Domain 5.2.c. Identify and manage risks associated with patient/client transfer. Domain 5.3.c. Identify and take appropriate action to correct unacceptable condition or operation of all equipment. Domain 5.3.d. Follow protocols to record and report non-conformance of all equipment. Domain 5.4. Maintain safety of the workplace and associated environments. Domain 5.4.a. Identify safety hazards in the workplace and respond to incidents (including radiation and radioactivity incidents) in a timely and appropriate manner, in accordance with protocols and procedures. Domain 5.4.b. Report on all incidents (including radiation and radioactivity incidents) as needed. Domain 5.4.g. Provide information on radiation-related hazards and control measures to others in the workplace.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1. Medical radiation practitioner 1.1. Apply knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology to practice. 1.1.a. Apply knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the human body to practice. 1.1.b. Apply knowledge of the scientific explanations underpinning disease and injuries affecting the human body to enable delivery of safe, high-quality examinations/treatment. 1.1.c. Identify anatomical structures and physiological processes, injuries and diseases of the human body in medical images. 1.10.d. Use standard techniques/images and equipment for the body area being examined and, where appropriate, modify them to consider the patient/client presentation and clinical indications. 1.4. Confirm the procedure according to clinical indicators. 1.4.a. Understand the patient’s/client’s clinical history, referral and current medical information to confirm the requested or prescribed procedure is appropriate, drawing on knowledge of other imaging and treatment pathways. 1.4.b. Determine the appropriate imaging and/or treatment protocols and priorities, which consider the information collected during the interaction with the patient/client and knowledge of imaging and/or treatment options. 1.4.c. Adapt the requested examination/treatment to an individual patient/client considering available clinical information. 1.5.e. Identify contraindications and limitations of medical radiation services, determine appropriate adjustments to procedures. 1.7.b. Apply quality criteria to assure image quality, evaluate medical images and identify any urgent and/or unexpected findings. 1.7.c. If the practitioner identifies any urgent or unexpected findings, take appropriate and timely action to ensure the immediate management of the patient/client. 1A.1. Perform projection radiography examinations in a range of settings. 1A.1.a. Operate projection radiography systems safely and effectively in a range of settings. 1A.1.b. Prepare the patient/client for the examination, including positioning the patient/client for the best diagnostic outcome. 1A.1.c. Use standard radiographic projections and exposure factors for the patient’s/client’s body area being examined and, when appropriate, modify them to consider patient/client presentation, clinical indications and mechanisms of injury. 1A.1.f. Critically evaluate images against radiographic criteria including assessment of exposure index, field of view and anatomical rotation. 1A.2.e. Apply knowledge of imaging acquisition modes and radiation dose rates. 1A.2.f. Perform image post-processing techniques. (1A.2) 1A.2.g. Prepare the patient/client and delivery systems with the appropriate contrast media using aseptic techniques. 1A.3.b. Apply appropriate imaging parameters for the patient/client presentation. 1A.3.c. Adjust relative radiation dose levels based on the range of patient/client presentations. 1A.3.e. Perform and evaluate contrast and non-contrast CT examinations of the body and, when appropriate, modify them to consider patient/client presentation and clinical indications.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1. Medical radiation practitioner 1.1. Apply knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology to practice. 1.1.a. Apply knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the human body to practice. 1A.2. Perform fluoroscopy and angiography examinations in a range of settings. 1A.2.a. Operate fluoroscopy and angiography systems safety and effectively in a range of settings. 1A.2.c. Prepare the patient/client for the examination, including positioning the patient/client for the best diagnostic outcome. (1A.2) 1A.2.g. Prepare the patient/client and delivery systems with the appropriate contrast media using aseptic techniques. 1A.2.h. Apply knowledge of medical equipment and prostheses used in the angiography and operating theatre setting.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.3. Understand and apply the different methods of imaging and treatment. 1.3.a. Understand the different imaging and treatment pathways in medical radiation practice. 1.3.b. Understand the modalities and equipment used in the different imaging and treatment pathways across medical radiation practice. 1.3.c. Understand use of CT, MRI and PET in the localisation of a range of cancer sites, patient/client presentations and related planning procedures. 1A.3. Perform computed tomography (CT) imaging. 1A.3.a. Operate CT systems safely and effectively. 1A.3.b. Apply appropriate imaging parameters for the patient/client presentation. 1A.3.c. Adjust relative radiation dose levels based on the range of patient/client presentations. 1A.3.d. Collaborate in the design and evaluation of CT protocols. 1A.3.e. Perform and evaluate contrast and non-contrast CT examinations of the body and, when appropriate, modify them to consider patient/client presentation and clinical indications. 1A.3.f. Process data image sets, including multi-planar reformats and volume imaging.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.3. Understand and apply the different methods of imaging and treatment. 1.3.a. Understand the different imaging and treatment pathways in medical radiation practice. 1.3.b. Understand the modalities and equipment used in the different imaging and treatment pathways across medical radiation practice. 1.3.c. Understand use of CT, MRI and PET in the localisation of a range of cancer sites, patient/client presentations and related planning procedures. 1A.1.b. Prepare the patient/client for the examination, including positioning the patient/client for the best diagnostic outcome.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.3. Understand and apply the different methods of imaging and treatment. 1.3.a. Understand the different imaging and treatment pathways in medical radiation practice. 1.3.b. Understand the modalities and equipment used in the different imaging and treatment pathways across medical radiation practice. 1.4.a. Understand the patient’s/client’s clinical history, referral and current medical information to confirm the requested or prescribed procedure is appropriate, drawing on knowledge of other imaging and treatment pathways. 1A.2.c. Prepare the patient/client for the examination, including positioning the patient/client for the best diagnostic outcome. (1A.2)
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1.3. Understand and apply the different methods of imaging and treatment. 1.3.a. Understand the different imaging and treatment pathways in medical radiation practice. 1.3.b. Understand the modalities and equipment used in the different imaging and treatment pathways across medical radiation practice. 1A.1.b. Prepare the patient/client for the examination, including positioning the patient/client for the best diagnostic outcome.
	Professional capabilities for medical radiation practice - 1. Medical radiation practitioner 1.1. Apply knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pathology to practice. 1.1.a. Apply knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the human body to practice. 1.1.b. Apply knowledge of the scientific explanations underpinning disease and injuries affecting the human body to enable delivery of safe, high-quality examinations/treatment. 1.1.c. Identify anatomical structures and physiological processes, injuries and diseases of the human body in medical images. 1.3. Understand and apply the different methods of imaging and treatment. 1.3.a. Understand the different imaging and treatment pathways in medical radiation practice. 1.3.b. Understand the modalities and equipment used in the different imaging and treatment pathways across medical radiation practice. 1.3.c. Understand use of CT, MRI and PET in the localisation of a range of cancer sites, patient/client presentations and related planning procedures. 1.4.a. Understand the patient’s/client’s clinical history, referral and current medical information to confirm the requested or prescribed procedure is appropriate, drawing on knowledge of other imaging and treatment pathways. 1.7.b. Apply quality criteria to assure image quality, evaluate medical images and identify any urgent and/or unexpected findings. 1.7.c. If the practitioner identifies any urgent or unexpected findings, take appropriate and timely action to ensure the immediate management of the patient/client. 1A.1.e. Perform image post-processing techniques. 1A.1.f. Critically evaluate images against radiographic criteria including assessment of exposure index, field of view and anatomical rotation. 1A.2.f. Perform image post-processing techniques. (1A.2) 1A.3.f. Process data image sets, including multi-planar reformats and volume imaging. Domain 2.3. Take responsibility and accountability for professional decisions. Domain 4. Evidence-informed practitioner Domain 4.1. Resolve challenges through application of critical thinking and reflective practice. Domain 4.1.a. Identify the challenge or question and the information that is needed to respond. Domain 4.1.b. Find, critically appraise, interpret and apply best available research evidence to inform clinical reasoning and professional decision-making. Domain 4.1.c. Provide evidence-informed patient/client-centred care by carefully considering the purpose of the proposed examination/treatment, reviewing existing protocols and methods, reflecting on clinical challenges or experiences and integrating knowledge and findings into practice. Domain 4.2.b. Critically reflect on own strengths and limitations to identify learning needed to improve and adapt professional practice. Domain 5.1.e. Review the referral and associated examinations/treatment prescription to ensure appropriate justification, limitation and optimisation.

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