The unit aims to provide students with an understanding of and competence in solving statics and introductory dynamics problems in engineering. Tutorial sessions will help students to improve their group work and problem solving skills, and gain competency in extracting a simplified version of a problem from a complex situation. Emphasis is placed on the ability to work in 3D as well as 2D, including the 2D and 3D visualization of structures and structural components, and the vectorial 2D and 3D representations of spatial points, forces and moments. Introduction to kinematics and dynamics topics includes position, velocity and acceleration of a point; relative motion, force and acceleration, momentum, collisions and energy methods.

Materials are an important part of the civil engineers' work. Indeed, civil engineers who are concerned with the design, construction, and maintenance of facilities need to understand the behaviour and performance of the materials used. And as it happens, mechanical properties - which are essential and basic for civil engineers - are highly dependent on the structure of materials at various scales. Therefore, it is important that a student in Civil Engineering possesses a fundamental knowledge in materials science. This unit of study aims to provide students with the tools necessary to select the adequate material for a particular application and to assess its mechanical behaviour while in use. This course will focus mainly on materials for civil engineering and construction applications, i.e. metals, concrete and soils.

The primary objective of this unit is to understand internal actions (forces and moments) in structures (deformable objects) under loads in three key areas: how structures resist external loads by internal actions; the distribution of internal actions within structures; and the deformations, stresses and strains associated with the internal actions. The syllabus comprises introduction; equilibrium; internal actions: BMDs, SFDs, AFDs, and TMDs; elasticity, stress and strain, and basic material properties; axial forces: tension and compression; elastic bending of beams; shear force and shear stresses in beams; torsion; deflection of beams; pipes and pressure vessels; trusses; material properties, combined stresses and yield criteria; advanced bending; introduction to buckling and instability.

The objectives of this unit are to gain an understanding of the fundamentals of engineering construction including - design, control, management, measurement and construction methods for excavation, embankments and other earthworks, hauling and associated operations. - building construction fundamentals, including reinforced concrete, masonry, steel and timber. - drilling and blasting Engineering Survey topics aim (a) to provide basic analogue methods of distance, angle and height measurement and (b) to provide an understanding of three dimensional mapping using basic total station electronic field equipment with associated data capture ability and (c) to give an insight into future trends in the use of GPS and GIS systems.
At the end of this unit, students should develop basic competency in earthwork engineering and economic optimisation of related construction, including proposing and analysing systems and methods, estimation of probable output, unit cost and productivity evaluation. Students should have a basic knowledge of vertical construction in reinforced concrete, masonry, steel and timber. Students should also develop proficiency in the design and implementation of mapping systems in Civil Engineering, using analogue and electronic field equipment and associated software packages. The syllabus comprises introduction to the framework under which construction projects are formulated and analysed; construction engineering fundamentals; construction systems related to excavation, hauling and embankment construction, including selection and evaluation of plant and methods as well as the expected output and cost; introduction to construction operations management. Introduction to engineering surveying, distance measurement, angle measurement, levelling, traversing, topographic surveys, electronic surveying equipment, future surveying technologies.

This course provides an elementary introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, and provides the basic mechanics necessary for the detailed study of Geotechnical Engineering. This course aims to provide an understanding of: the nature of soils as engineering materials; common soil classification schemes; the importance of water in the soil and the effects of water movement; methods of predicting soil settlements, the stress-strain-strength response of soils, and earth pressures.

The objective of this unit of study is to develop an understanding of basic fluid concepts for inviscid and incompressible fluids. Topics to be covered will include: basic fluid properties, hydrostatics, buoyancy, stability, pressure distribution in a fluid with rigid body motion, fluid dynamics, conservation of mass and momentum, dimensional analysis, open channel flow, and pipe flow. This core unit of study forms the basis for further studies in the applied areas of ocean, coastal and wind engineering and other elective fluid mechanics units which may be offered.

The primary objective is to develop an understanding of design concepts and an introduction to the design of steel, concrete and composite structures. This involves calculation of loads on structures caused by gravity, wind and earthquake; and analysis and design of basic structural elements.

Foundations studies covers content that may be assumed knowledge or prerequisite information for follow-on Master of Professional Engineering units. Completion of assigned project work in prescribed background material by the coordinators of the specialist programs will allow students to meet the entry requirements of the MPE degree.

The objectives of this unit are to provide a basic understanding of the behaviour of reinforced concrete members and structures; to provide a basic understanding of standard methods of analysis and design of reinforced concrete behaviour (including an understanding of capabilities and limitations); and to provide basic design training in a simulated professional engineering environment.
The syllabus comprises the behaviour of reinforced concrete members and structures, including: material properties, 'elastic' analysis (stresses/deformations/time-dependence), ultimate strengths of beams (flexure), ultimate strength of columns (short and slender), behaviour or reinforced concrete slabs. The reinforced concrete truss analogy (shear/torsion/and detailing implications). Design of typical elements of a reinforced concrete building, structural modelling, analysis of load-effects (incl.earthquakes), design criteria (for durability, fire-resistance, serviceability and strength), design calculation procedures, reinforcement detailing, structural drawings.
At the end of this unit students will gain proficiency in basic methods of reinforced concrete analysis and design.

This unit of study aims to provide an understanding of the conservation of mass and momentum in differential forms for viscous fluid flows. It provides the foundation for advanced study of turbulence, flow around immersed bodies, open channel flow, and turbo-machinery.

The objectives of this unit are to develop an understanding of construction methods, strategies, equipment and machinery in a range of construction activities and an understanding of the principles involved in the design for those construction activities.
At the end of this unit, students will have developed a familiarity with a variety of construction methods, strategies, equipment and machinery in a range of construction activities such that they will be able, if and when the opportunity arises to participate as site engineers (or similar role) in the planning and execution of those construction activities, albeit with supervision and guidance from experienced professionals. Students will also have developed an understanding of the design principles and techniques involved in the planning for those construction activities such that they are able, if and when the opportunity arises, to participate as design engineers, in the planning and design for those construction activities, with supervision and guidance from experienced professionals. The range of topics covered in this course is such that the learning outcomes form a basis for later development of more detailed knowledge, dependent on the future career experiences of the student. The course does not prepare a student for immediate, unsupervised participation in construction and design work associated with the topics covered.
The construction topics covered in this course have not been previously addressed in CIVL5506 (Foundations of Engineering Construction and Survey) or equivalent introductory study of construction and surveying techniques. The topics may vary dependent on current and planned projects in Sydney, NSW and Australia. At this stage the topics are hard rock tunnelling and general hard rock underground excavation; soft ground tunnelling; underground construction; micro tunnelling; cut and cover (cover and cut) tunnelling; earth retaining systems; piling; formwork and falsework (incl Tilt up, Ultrafloor, Sacrificial form); dewatering; pavement design and construction - rigid and flexible (incl and pavement construction materials); stormwater drainage design and construction; marine construction; civil construction in environmentally sensitive areas; contract administration for construction engineers; general engineering in remote localities (project based); construction methods in bridge engineering; QA documentation on a typical project; timber engineeering; post-tensioned/prestressed concrete construction; civil engineering in a marine environment; insurance in the construction industry; occupational health and safety issues in the construction industry.
On day 1 of the course, a form based survey is taken to invite students to nominate specific areas of interest which may lead to adjustment in course content.

his UoS is designed to provide graduate engineers studying for a Master of Professional Engineering degree with an introduction to the professional engineering skills necessary to practice as an engineer.
These include the various elements of engineering practice, an understanding of the role of the engineer in industry, basic knowledge of the law of contracts and legal responsibility, teamwork and leadership skills, an understanding of the professional responsibilities of engineers, competence in verbal communication and presentations and in reading and writing reports, and an understanding of ethical considerations. The material, learning and assessment is tailored for graduates from Australian and overseas universities.

The objective of the course is to provide an introduction to the critical state framework. This framework is used for the basis for developing an understanding of the stress, strain, strength behaviour of all soils, and is used to present a rational approach to the selection of parameters for use in geotechnical design.

Students should refer to the printed version of the unit outline distributed in lecture 1.
This unit of study is concerned with the behaviour and design of steel structures. Statics provided the fundamentals of equilibrium upon which most structural engineering is based. Structural Concepts and Structural Analysis provided information on the loads (actions) on a structure and how structures resist these actions with a resulting distribution of internal actions (bending moments, shear forces, axial forces; BMDs, SFDs and AFDs). Structural Mechanics considered how these internal actions resulted in stresses and strains in members. Materials considered the microscopic and molecular structure of metals to determine its inherent mechanical properties such as yield stress. This unit of study will then combine the knowledge of stresses, material properties of steel, structural analysis, and loading, and consider new concepts and modes of failure, such as local and flexural torsional buckling, combined actions and second-order effects to understand the behaviour of steel members and frames, and how this behaviour is accounted for in the design standard AS 4100.
Both the units of study "Steel Structures 1" and "Concrete Structures 1" can be considered the culmination of the various elements of structural engineering begun in "Engineering Mechanics" in first year, and is further developed in "Civil Engineering Design" in final year. More advanced topics, such as plate behaviour, advanced buckling and connection design, are considered in the final year elective subject "Steel Structures 2".
It is recognised that not all students intend to become consulting structural engineers. The unit of study is designed so that students who make an effort to understand the concepts are most capable of passing. Students who are planning a career in the consulting structural engineering profession should be aiming at achieving a Distinction grade or higher.

This UoS teaches the fundamental knowledge on the importance, organizational context and professional practice in project management. It serves as an introduction to project management practices for non-PM students. For PM students, this UoS lays the foundation to progress to advanced PM subjects. Although serving as a general introduction unit, the focus has been placed on scope, time, cost, and integration related issues.
Specifically, the UoS aims to
1. introduce students to the institutional, organisational and professional environment for today's project management practitioners as well as typical challenges and issues facing them;
2. demonstrate the importance of project management to engineering and organizations;
3. demonstrate the progression from strategy formulation to execution of the project;
4. provide a set of tools and techniques at different stages of a project's lifecycle with emphasis on scope, time, cost and integration related issues;
5. highlight examples of project success/failures in project management and to take lessons from these;
6. consider the roles of project manager in the organization and management of people;
7. provide a path for students seeking improvements in their project management expertise.

Objectives: To develop an understanding of the modern principles of design of pile foundations and the application of those principles to practice.
Expected outcomes: Students should gain an advanced understanding of the types of pile foundations used in practice, and the procedures for analysis of pile foundations under various types of loading, and gain experience in carrying out pile design for real geotechnical profiles.
Syllabus summary: Types of piles and their uses, effects of pile installation, axial capacity of piles and pile groups, settlement of pile foundations, ultimate lateral capacity, lateral deformations, analysis of pile groups subjected to general loading conditions, piled raft foundations, piles subjected to ground movements, pile load testing, code provisions for pile design.

Objectives and Outcomes
1. To introduce students to major computer modelling techniques used to solve boundary-value and initial-value problems in geotechnical engineering.
2. To develop students' skills at using computer modelling software to solve stress and flow problems in geomechanics.
3. To developed students ability at critically assessing assumptions behind computer models and critically evaluating the quality of numerical results.

The 3 year MPE requires students to obtain industrial work experience of twelve weeks duration (60 working days) or its equivalent towards satisfying the requirements for award of the degree. Students can undertake their work experience in the final year of the MPE program (Year 3). Students may have prior work in an Engineering field carried out on completion of their undergraduate degree accepted as meeting the requirements of this component.
Students must be exposed to professional engineering practice to enable them to develop an engineering approach and ethos, and to gain an appreciation of engineering ethics. and to gain an appreciation of engineering ethics.
The student is required to inform the Faculty of any work arrangements by emailing the Graduate School of Engineering and Information Technologies. Assessment in this unit is by the submission of a portfolio containing written reports on the involvement with industry. For details of the reporting requirements, go to the faculty's Practical Experience portfolio web site http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/practical-experience/index.shtml

Capstone Project provides an opportunity for students to conduct original research. Students will generally work individually and an individual thesis must be submitted by each student.
Capstone Project is a major task and is to be conducted with work spread over most of the year, in two successive Units of Study of 6 credits points each, Capstone Project A (CIVL5020) and Capstone Project B (CIVL5021). This particular unit of study, which must precede CIVL5021 Capstone Project B, should cover the first half of the work required for a complete Capstone Project. In particular, it should include almost all planning of a research or investigation project, a major proportion of the necessary literature review (unless the entire project is based on a literature review and critical analysis), and a significant proportion of the investigative work required of the project.

Objectives: to develop an understanding of the behaviour and design of engineering structures in rock masses.
Expected outcomes: Students will have learnt how to classify and characterise rocks and rock masses for engineering purposes and developed an understanding of basic rock mechanics etc.
Syllabus summary: Introduction to rock mechanics and rock engineering. Index properties and engineering characterisation of rocks and rock masses. Planes of weakness in rock masses. Rock material strength and rock mass strength. Rock deformability. In situ stress conditions in rock masses. Underground openings. Rock slopes.

The objective of this unit is to give students an appreciation of the role of the designer in the development of Civil Engineering projects. At the end of this unit, students will have developed an understanding of the design philosophy. They will gain this through their involvement in a number of exercises which cover the design sequence from concept to documentation.
The syllabus comprises: design sequence including definition, value and criteria selection; generation of proposals; analysis of proposals; selection of design; development of details of a particular design selected; feasibility studies and examination of existing works; study of design projects by stages, including details of some aspects.
This unit is under the direction of an engineer in professional practice in cooperation with members of the academic staff. Lectures and exercises on architectural design and practice and their relationship to civil engineering are included in the unit.

Capstone Project provides an opportunity for students to conduct original research. Students will generally work individually and an individual thesis must be submitted by each student.
Capstone Project is a major task and is to be conducted with work spread over most of the year, in two successive Units of Study of 6 credits points each, Capstone Project A (CIVL5020) and Capstone Project B (CIVL5021). This particular unit of study, which must be preceded by or be conducted concurrently with CIVL5020 Capstone Project A, should cover the second half of the work required for a complete Capstone Project. In particular, it should include completion of all components of the research or investigation project planned but not undertaken or completed in CIVL5020 Capstone Project A.

Objectives: To develop an understanding of the geotechnical aspects of the design and management of industrial and domestic waste disposal systems.
Learning Outcomes: 1. Analyse flow regime in soil using Darcy equation; 2. Analyse contaminant migration in soil using coupled flow and reactive diffusion advection equations; 3. Design a single or double composite landfill liner satisfying groundwater quality requirements; 4. Predict the potential for methane production in a landfill and assess the feasibility of waste-to-energy conversion; 5. Conduct research on a geoenvironmental topic as part for group.
Syllabus Summary: introduction to geoenvironmental engineering; integrated waste management and life cycle assessment; soil composition and mineralogy; types and characteristics of contaminants; theory of water seepage in soil and hydraulic conductivity; theory of reactive contaminant transport in soil including molecular diffusion, mechanical dispersion and advective flow; analytical and numerical solutions of reactive diffusion advection equation; design of landfills; geosynthetics and geomembranes; defects and leakage rates; methane generation in landfills and landfill gas management.

The objectives of this unit are to gain an understanding of the design process in foundation engineering, to understand the importance of site investigation and field testing, and to learn how to deal with uncertainty. To achieve these objectives students are asked to design foundations using real data. Students will develop the ability to interpret the results of a site investigation; to use laboratory and field data to design simple foundations; develop an appreciation of the interaction between the soil, foundation system and the supported structure. The syllabus is comprised of field testing, site characterisation, interpretation of field data, design of pile raft and surface footings, support of excavations, soil improvement, and geotechnical report writing.

Objectives:
The objective of this unit is to provide students with fundamental knowledge of finite element analysis and how to apply this knowledge to the solution of civil engineering problems at intermediate and advanced levels.
At the end of this unit, students should acquire knowledge of methods of formulating finite element equations, basic element types, the use of finite element methods for solving problems in structural, geotechnical and continuum analysis and the use of finite element software packages. The syllabus comprises introduction to finite element theory, analysis of bars, beams and columns, and assemblages of these structural elements; analysis of elastic continua; problems of plane strain, plane stress and axial symmetry; use, testing and validation of finite element software packages; and extensions to apply this knowledge to problems encountered in engineering practice.
Outcomes: On completion of this unit, students will have gained the following knowledge and skills:
1. Knowledge of methods of formulating finite element equations. This will provide students with an insight into the principles at the basis of the FE elements available in commercial FE software.
2. Knowledge of basic element types. Students will be able to evaluate the adequacy of different elements in providing accurate and reliable results.
3. Knowledge of the use of finite element methods for solving problems in structural and geotechnical engineering applications. Students will be exposed to some applications to enable them to gain familiarity with FE analyses.
4. Knowledge of the use of finite element programming and modeling.
5. Extended knowledge of the application of FE to solve civil engineering problems.

The unit aims to acquaint students with the application of chemical engineering concepts and practice in an environmental context, the important example of wastewater treatment will be explored.
The key issues that will be considered are: Wastewater creation and characterisation; Wastewater treatment costs; Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment options; High-rate anaerobic and aerobic treatment options; Sludge management and water recovery/reuse options; Process integration considerations.
By the end of this UOS, a student should have gained an engineering-based appreciation of the technical, economic and social challenges posed by wastewater generation and its cost-effective treatment.
This UoS is an advanced elective in chemical engineering. The concepts and enabling technologies taught here are relevant to the real-world practice of chemical engineering across a broad range of industries.

Objectives: To develop an advanced understanding of the behaviour, analysis and design of prestressed concrete structures.
Outcomes: Students will develop skills in the analysis and design of prestressed concrete beams, columns and slabs, to satisfy the serviceability and strength provisions of the Australian Concrete Structures Standard.
Syllabus Summary: The behaviour and design of prestressed concrete structures and structural elements including beams, columns and slabs. Topics covered will include steel and concrete materials, prestress losses, flexural and shear behaviour at service loads and ultimate loads, short and long term deflections, load balancing, anchorage zones (including strut and tie modelling of anchors), dynamic response of post-tensioned floors, and sustainability considerations for prestressed concrete structures.

Students will understand the basic principles for the design of steel-concrete composite structures. In particular, they will develop an understanding of the procedures required for the design of composite beams, slabs and columns. Design guidelines will reflect requirements of the Australian Standards and international codes.

This Unit covers the advanced principles of the design of hot-rolled and cold-formed steel structural members and connections. Reference is made to the Australian Standards AS4100 and AS/NZS4600 as well as international standards, explaining the underlying theory for the provisions of these standards. The objectives are to provide students with advanced knowledge of steel structural design and confidence to apply the underlying principles to solve a wide range of structural steel problems.
Outcomes: This Unit will provide students with the following knowledge and skills:
- An understanding of the basic principles of reliability based design on steel structures.
- An understanding of the relationship between structural analysis and design provisions.
- An understanding of the background to the design provisions for hot-rolled and cold-formed steel structures, including the main differences between them.
- Proficiency in applying the provisions of AS4100, AS/NZS4600, AISC-LRFD, BS5950 and GB50017 for columns, beams, beam-columns and connections.
Syllabus Summary: Limit states design philosophy and approaches, Loading standards, Methods of analysis, Flexural members section and member capacity, Compression members section and member capacity, Beam-column member and section capacity, Interrelationship between analysis and design, pinned (shear) and rigid (moment) connections.

This Unit introduces the fundamental concepts and theory of dynamic analysis. In a first step, free vibrations are studied and the problem of determining the natural frequency of a system is addressed. This is followed by the study of harmonically excited vibrations. While initially systems with a single degree of freedom (SDOF) are considered, the theory is generalized to cover multi-degree of freedom systems. The theory is applied to explain how structures are designed against earthquake actions with specific reference to Parts 4 of the Australian loading standard AS1170 for determining earthquake loads.
Outcomes:This Unit will provide students with the following knowledge and skills:
* Understanding of the fundamental concepts and definitions used in structural dynamics
* Ability to calculate the natural frequency of a system using equilibrium or energy methods
* Ability to determine the effect of viscous damping on the response of a freely vibrating system
* Ability to determine the response of a system to a harmonic excitation
* Ability to apply AS1170 Part 4 in structural design against earthquake actions
* Understanding of the fundamental concepts of earthquake engineering

Objectives:
This unit of study will review the principles of uniform flow in open channels. These will be extended into a study of the principles of slowly varying and rapidly varying flow, the calculation of backwater curves and hydraulic jumps. These principles will then be applied to the design of gutters, inlets, culverts and piers, using existing commercially available software packages commonly used in engineering practice.
Outcomes:
This Unit will provide students with a strong back ground in open channel flow hydraulics, and the basis for the calculation of stream and hydraulic structure performance. Students will gain experience in the use of currently available commercial software for the design of culverts and other structures

This unit of study will introduce the fundamentals of meteorology governing wind flow, details of extreme wind events, wind structure, statistical distribution of the wind, the effect of topography and terrain changes on wind profile, investigate the fluid flow around bluff bodies, and detail the design of civil engineering structures for wind loading.
Outcomes:
This Unit will provide students with the following knowledge and skills:
On completion of this course students will have an understanding of the governing principles of wind engineering, how to predict the extreme wind speed and analyse anemographs, predict the effect of terrain and topography on velocity and turbulence, understand flow patterns around bodies, how to predict the pressure distribution and wind loading on bodies and structures, dynamic response of structures, and how all the above relates to AS1170.2.

The objective of this unit is to provide students with advanced knowledge of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques and skills in solving fluid and thermal flow problems relevant to Civil and Environmental Engineering applications. Students will also gain experience in using a state-of-the-art commercial CFD package and advanced understanding of a range of engineering problems through working on projects.

Capstone Project provides an opportunity for students to conduct original research. Students will generally work individually and an individual thesis must be submitted by each student.
Capstone Project is a major task and is to be conducted with work spread over most of the year, in two successive Units of Study of 6 credits points each, Capstone Project A (CIVL5020) and Capstone Project B (CIVL5021). This particular unit of study, which must precede CIVL5021 Capstone Project B, should cover the first half of the work required for a complete Capstone Project. In particular, it should include almost all planning of a research or investigation project, a major proportion of the necessary literature review (unless the entire project is based on a literature review and critical analysis), and a significant proportion of the investigative work required of the project.

Capstone Project provides an opportunity for students to conduct original research. Students will generally work individually and an individual thesis must be submitted by each student.
Capstone Project is a major task and is to be conducted with work spread over most of the year, in two successive Units of Study of 6 credits points each, Capstone Project A (CIVL5020) and Capstone Project B (CIVL5021). This particular unit of study, which must be preceded by or be conducted concurrently with CIVL5020 Capstone Project A, should cover the second half of the work required for a complete Capstone Project. In particular, it should include completion of all components of the research or investigation project planned but not undertaken or completed in CIVL5020 Capstone Project A.

Capstone Project provides an opportunity for students to conduct original research. Students will generally work in groups, although planning and writing of the thesis will be done individually; i.e., a separate thesis must be submitted by each student. Only in exceptional circumstances and by approval of Capstone Project course coordinator and the relevant academic supervisor concerned will a student be permitted to undertake a project individually.
Capstone Project is a major task and is to be conducted with work spread over most of the year, in two successive Units of Study of 6 credits points each, Capstone Project A (CIVL5020) and Capstone Project B (CIVL5021) or this unit Capstone Project B extended (CIVL5022) worth 12 credit points. This particular unit of study, which must be preceded by or be conducted concurrently with CIVL5020 Capstone Project A, should cover the second half of the work required for a complete Capstone Project. In particular, it should include completion of all components of the research or investigation project planned but not undertaken or completed in CIVL5020 Capstone Project A.

To complete a substantial research project and successfully analyse a problem, devise appropriate experiments, analyse the results and produce a well-argued, in-depth thesis.

To complete a substantial research project and successfully analyse a problem, devise appropriate experiments, analyse the results and produce a well-argued, in-depth thesis.
Department permission required for enrolment in the following session(s); 1,2

The purpose of this unit is to enable students to undertake an overseas learning activity during the university's summer or winter break while completing a Masters degree in either Engineering, Professional Engineering, Information Technologies or Project Management. The learning activity may comprise either a short project under academic or industry supervision or summer or winter school unit of study at an approved overseas institution. The learning activity should demonstrate outcomes and workload equivalent to a 6 credit point Master's level unit in the student's current award program.
Students may enrol in this unit with permission from the school and the Sub-Dean Students for the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies.

The purpose of this unit is to enable students to undertake an overseas learning activity during the university's summer or winter break while completing a Masters degree in either Engineering, Professional Engineering, Information Technologies or Project Management. The learning activity may comprise either a short project under academic or industry supervision or summer or winter school unit of study at an approved overseas institution. The learning activity should demonstrate outcomes and workload equivalent to a 6 credit point Master's level unit in the student's current award program.
Students may enrol in this unit with permission from the school and the Sub-Dean Students for the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies.