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Professor Paul Keall

Professor and NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow
Director of the ACRF Image X Institute
Central Clinical School

Telephone +61 2 8627 1159

Website ACRF Image X Institute

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Biographical details

Paul Keall is a Professor in the Sydney Medical School, an NHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellow and the Director of the ACRF Image X Institute at the University of Sydney. His team of scientists, clinical partners and international collaborators create, share and apply novel cancer imaging and targeted radiotherapy methods. Several of these innovations have been translated to clinical practice for improved health care.

Since being awarded his Ph.D. in 1996 he has risen to be in top tier of cancer imaging and radiotherapy researchers internationally. He was the Director of the Radiation Physics Division at Stanford University (2006-2010) where he was charged with leading the academic, clinical and educational missions of 70 academic and clinical staff. In 2010 he was awarded the prestigious Australia Fellowship and recruited to the University of Sydney.

Outputs from his research include multiple bench-to-bedside clinical trials, 270 scientific publications, 20 patents, 8 licenses and three start-up companies. He has given over 200 invited lectures. His work is funded primarily by competitive government research grants and he works closely with industry to apply his research output, and has 25 current and completed industrial research agreements.

He is an editorial board member for several journals in the radiation oncology field and participates in professional activities and committees of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine and the American Society for Radiation Oncology.

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Research interests

Prof Keall’s research focuses on making radiotherapy treatment more effective and accessible. This is achieved by developing imaging and treatment technologies that maximise the radiation dose to the tumour while minimising it elsewhere. Many of these innovations can be implemented on existing treatment systems and are being used in clinical trials. Other innovations focus on broadening the applications of radiotherapy, from treating multiple lesions, to developing low cost radiotherapy systems for developing countries and remote areas.

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Current research students

Project title Research student
Advanced Calypso Image Guided Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer SBRT. Vincent CAILLET
On the optimisation of imaging dose in four dimensional cone-beam computed tomography for radiation oncology patients Ben COOPER
Tracking Multiple Targets to Improve Treatment Efficacy of Radiation Therapy for High-Risk Cancer Patients Emily HEWSON
DeepCT: Using deep learning to achieve real-time volumetric imaging of the moving human anatomy Nicholas HINDLEY
Investigating the Clinical Feasibility of Treating Atrial Fibrillation with Non-invasive Cardiac Radiosurgery using Real-time Motion Compensation and Beam targeting on an MRI-Linac Suzy LYDIARD
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Current projects

The Australian MRI-linac program is a next-generation cancer therapy system in which changing patient anatomy and physiology can be visualised during treatment.

The Nano-X cancer radiotherapy systemwill deliver smarter, smaller and more accessible radiotherapy treatment through integrating science, bold design and real-world needs.

Audiovisual Biofeedback methods help patients achieve either breath hold or regular breathing depending on the treatment application to reduce radiation dose to healthy tissues.

Functional imaging using CTtransforms CT, previously an anatomic-only imaging modality to visualise lung ventilation using advanced image reconstruction methods.

Second generation 4D CT enables better imaging of lungs – and lung cancer – as patients breathe during imaging procedures.

Patient-connected cone beam CTuses the patient’s breathing and heart signals, advanced mathematics and robotics to improve how we can image the human body.

Kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring (KIM)is a novel real-time tumour localisation method employed during treatment to enable more accurate radiation dose delivery.

Markerless tracking is an extension to KIM that uses the patient’s anatomy itself, rather than markers to find the tumour in real-time during radiotherapy.

Real-time tumour tracking adjusts the beam of radiation according to the tumour motion during treatment.

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International links

Denmark

(Aarhus University) A/Prof Per Poulsen, Finding and hitting cancer in real-time with radiation beams

Germany

(Universität zu Lübeck) Svenja Ipsen, Real-time ultrasound guidance, treatment adaptation

Italy

(Politecnico di Milano) Dr Chiara Paganelli, MRI guidance, MRI-linac radiotherapy

United States

(MD Anderson Cancer Center) Prof Radhe Mohan, MRI-guided proton therapy

United States

(Stanford University) A/Prof Billy Loo, Advanced linac technology, MRI-linac radiotherapy

United States

(Stanford University) Prof Rebecca Fahrig, Advanced x-ray imaging, MRI-linac radiotherapy

United States

(UC Davis) A/Prof Tokihiro Yamamoto, Functional imaging and adaptive radiotherapy

United States

(University of Maryland) A/Prof Amit Sawant, Hitting cancer in real-time with radiation beams

United States

(University of Wisconsin-Madison) Prof Thomas Mackie, Advanced radiotherapy, Nano-X

United States

(Washington University) Prof Jeffrey Williamson, Advanced x-ray imaging

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Selected grants

2018

  • NHMRC APP1132471 The Australian MRI-Linac Program: Transforming the Science and Clinical Practice of Cancer Radiotherapy; Keall P, Barton M, Crozier S; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/Program Grants.
  • Widely accessible high precision radiotherapy with Multi-modal Adaptive Tumour Tracking (MATT); Nguyen D, Keall P; Cancer Institute New South Wales/Early Career Fellowship.
  • The Clincial Translation of NSW Invented Tumour Motion Management Technologies in Cancer Radiotherapy; O'Brien R, Keall P; Cancer Institute New South Wales/Career Development Fellowship.

2017

  • BRAVEHeart - empowering breast cancer radiotherapy patients to save their hearts; Steiner E, Keall P, Lamoury G, Morgia M, Bromley R, Booth J, Makhija K, Silvester S, Grant C; National Breast Cancer Foundation/Pilot Study Grants.
  • Infrastructure for Developing MRI Contrast Agents for Cancer Imaging that Spans from Contemporary to Future Clinical Field Strengths; Price W, Barton M, Keall P, Liney G, Aldrich-Wright J, Stait-Gardner T, Bourne R, Fay M, Xu X; Cancer Institute New South Wales/Equipment Grant.

2016

  • Innovations in cancer imaging and targeted radiotherapy to improve human health; Keall P; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/Career Awards: Research Fellowships.

2015

  • The ACRF Image-X Institute: Eradicating Cancer through Innovation in Imaging and Targeted X-ray Therapy; Keall P, Barton M, Jackson M, Thwaites D, Kuncic Z, Fulton R, Foster K; Australian Cancer Research Foundation/Research Support.
  • SPARK: Stereotactic Prostate Adaptive Radiotherapy utilising Kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring; Keall P, Martin J, Foroudi F, Kneebone A, Gebski V, Poulsen P; Cancer Australia/Priority Driven Collaborative Cancer Research Scheme.
  • Personalized Motion Management for truly 4D Lung Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy; Keall P; National Institutes of Health (USA)/Research Grant.
  • Breathe Well: Improving cancer imaging and radiotherapy using audiovisual biofeedback; Keall P, Kay J, O'Brien R, Kron T, Greer P, Hebblewhite M, Sawant A; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/Development Grants.
  • Learning Image Context for Tumor Motion Adaptation to Improve Cancer Radiotherapy Treatment Outcomes; Huang C, Keall P, Fahrig R, Wang X; Office of Global Engagement/IPDF Grant.

2014

  • Hitting the Target: Real-Time Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy; Keall P, Eade T, Kneebone A, Booth J; Cancer Australia/Priority Driven Collaborative Cancer Research Scheme.

2013

  • The Australian MRI-Linac Program: Improving cancer treatment through real-time image guided adaptive radiotherapy; Keall P, Barton M, Crozier S; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/Program Grants.
  • MR-Compatible Linac gun for Robotic Linac Adaptation; Farig R, Keall P; National Institutes of Health (USA)/Research Support.

2012

  • ECG-Guided Cardiac CT Imaging for Interventional Radiology; Fahrig R, Keall P; DVC Research/International Research Collaboration Award (IRCA).
  • Lung sparing for SBRT with beams-eye-view imaging and real-time tumor tracking; Berbeco R, Keall P; National Institutes of Health (USA)/Research Support.
  • NHMRC audiovisual biofeedback to improve abdominal and thoracic medical image quality; Keall P.
  • An adaptable and dedicated linear accelerator for medical radiation research; Keall P, Jackson M, Rozenfeld A, Barton M, Greer P, Vial J, Baldock C, Metcalfe P, Thwaites D, Kuncic Z, Holloway L, Bosi S, Eslick E, Downes S; Australian Research Council (ARC)/Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment and Facilities (LIEF).
  • The development and investigation of respiratory-modulated four-dimensional cone beam CT imaging; Keall P; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/Project Grants.
  • A Hybrid Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Linear Accelerator (MRI-Linac) for Highly Accurate Radiotherapy Cancer Treatment; Crozier S, Keall P; Australian Research Council (ARC)/Discovery Projects (DP).

2010

  • 4D IMRT: Stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung cancer; Keall P, Loo B; National Institutes of Health (USA)/Research Support.
  • Australia Fellowship; Keall P; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/Career Awards: Australian Fellowship.
  • Image-guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy; Williamson J, Keall P; National Institutes of Health (USA)/Research Support.
  • A coaxial plasma accelerator for proton radiotherapy; Keall P; National Institutes of Health (USA)/Research Support.
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Selected publications

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Book Chapters

  • Colvill, E., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2018). 4D Dosimetry. In B Mihnheer (Eds.), Clinical 3D Dosimetry in Modern Radiation Therapy, (pp. 281-300). Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis.

Journals

  • Barber, J., Shieh, C., Counter, W., Sykes, J., Bennett, P., Ahern, V., Corde, S., Heng, S., White, P., Jackson, M., Liu, P., Keall, P., Feain, I. (2018). A CBCT study of the gravity-induced movement in rotating rabbits. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63(10), 1-8. [More Information]
  • Montanaro, T., Nguyen, D., Keall, P., Booth, J., Eade, T., Haddad, C., Caillet, V., Shieh, C. (2018). A comparison of gantry-mounted x-ray-based real-Time target tracking methods. Medical Physics, 45(3), 1222-1232. [More Information]
  • Nguyen, D., Bertholet, J., Kim, J., O'Brien, R., Booth, J., Poulsen, P., Keall, P. (2018). An interdimensional correlation framework for real-time estimation of six degree of freedom target motion using a single x-ray imager during radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63(1), 1-15. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Greer, P., Paganelli, C., Ludbrook, J., Kim, T., Keall, P. (2018). Audiovisual biofeedback improves the correlation between internal/external surrogate motion and lung tumor motion. Medical Physics, 45(3), 1009-1017. [More Information]
  • Eslick, E., Kipritidis, J., Gradinscak, D., Stevens, M., Bailey, D., Harris, B., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2018). CT ventilation imaging derived from breath hold CT exhibits good regional accuracy with Galligas PET. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 127(2), 267-273. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Colvill, E., O'Brien, R., Caillet, V., Eade, T., Kneebone, A., Hruby, G., Poulsen, P., Zwan, B., Greer, P., Booth, J. (2018). Electromagnetic-Guided MLC Tracking Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Patients: Prospective Clinical Trial Results. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 101(2), 387-395. [More Information]
  • Paganelli, C., Lee, D., Kipritidis, J., Whelan, B., Greer, P., Baroni, G., Riboldi, M., Keall, P. (2018). Feasibility study on 3D image reconstruction from 2D orthogonal cine-MRI for MRI-guided radiotherapy. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 62(3), 389-400. [More Information]
  • Paganelli, C., Kipritidis, J., Lee, D., Baroni, G., Keall, P., Riboldi, M. (2018). Image-based retrospective 4D MRI in external beam radiotherapy: A comparative study with a digital phantom. Medical Physics, 45(7), 3161-3172. [More Information]
  • Liney, G., Dong, B., Weber, E., Rai, R., Destruel, A., Garcia-Alvarez, R., Manton, D., Jelen, U., Zhang, K., Barton, M., Keall, P., et al (2018). Imaging performance of a dedicated radiation transparent RF coil on a 10 Tesla inline MRI-linac. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63, 1-10. [More Information]
  • Pollock, S., Tse, R., Martin, D., McLean, L., Pham, M., Tait, D., Estoesta, R., Whittington, G., Turley, J., Cho, G., Hill, R., Makhija, K., O'Brien, R., Keall, P., et al (2018). Impact of audiovisual biofeedback on interfraction respiratory motion reproducibility in liver cancer stereotactic body radiotherapy. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 62(1), 133-139. [More Information]
  • Chapman, C., McGuinness, C., Gottschalk, A., Yom, S., Garsa, A., Anwar, M., Braunstein, S., Sudhyadhom, A., Keall, P., Descovich, M. (2018). Influence of respiratory motion management technique on radiation pneumonitis risk with robotic stereotactic body radiation therapy. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 19(4), 48-57. [More Information]
  • Lowther, N., Ipsen, S., Marsh, S., Blanck, O., Keall, P. (2018). Investigation of the XCAT phantom as a validation tool in cardiac MRI tracking algorithms. Physica Medica, 45, 44-51. [More Information]
  • Martin, J., Supiot, S., Keall, P., Catton, C. (2018). Moderately hypofractionated prostate external-beam radiotherapy: an emerging standard. British Journal of Radiology, 91, 1-8. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Kolling, S., Oborn, B., Keall, P. (2018). Passive magnetic shielding in MRI-Linac systems. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63(7), 1-16. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Kolling, S., Oborn, B., Keall, P. (2018). Passive magnetic shielding in MRI-Linac systems. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63(7), 1-15. [More Information]
  • Toftegaard, J., Keall, P., O'Brien, R., Ruan, D., Ernst, F., Homma, N., Ichiji, K., Poulsen, P. (2018). Potential improvements of lung and prostate MLC tracking investigated by treatment simulations. Medical Physics, 45(5), 2218-2229. [More Information]
  • Kim, J., Nguyen, D., Booth, J., Huang, C., Fuangrod, T., Poulsen, P., O'Brien, R., Caillet, V., Eade, T., Kneebone, A., Keall, P. (2018). The accuracy and precision of Kilovoltage Intrafraction Monitoring (KIM) six degree-of-freedom prostate motion measurements during patient treatments. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 126(2), 236-243. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Nguyen, D., O'Brien, R., Caillet, V., Hewson, E., Poulsen, P., Bromley, R., Bell, L., Eade, T., Kneebone, A., Booth, J., et al (2018). The first clinical implementation of real-time image-guided adaptive radiotherapy using a standard linear accelerator. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 127(1), 6-11. [More Information]
  • Shieh, C., Caillet, V., Dunbar, M., Keall, P., Booth, J., Hardcastle, N., Haddad, C., Eade, T., Feain, I. (2017). A Bayesian approach for three-dimensional markerless tumor tracking using kV imaging during lung radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 62(8), 3065-3080. [More Information]
  • Hugo, G., Weiss, E., Sleeman, W., Balik, S., Keall, P., Lu, J., Williamson, J. (2017). A longitudinal four-dimensional computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography dataset for image-guided radiation therapy research in lung cancer. Medical Physics, 44(2), 762-771. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Liney, G., Dowling, J., Rai, R., Holloway, L., McGarvie, L., Feain, I., Barton, M., Berry, M., Wilkins, R., Keall, P. (2017). An MRI-compatible patient rotation system - design, construction, and first organ deformation results. Medical Physics, 44(2), 581-588. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Greer, P., Lapuz, C., Ludbrook, J., Hunter, P., Arm, J., Pollock, S., Makhija, K., O'Brien, R., Kim, T., Keall, P. (2017). Audiovisual biofeedback guided breath-hold improves lung tumor position reproducibility and volume consistency. Advances in Radiation Oncology, 2(3), 354-362. [More Information]
  • Zwan, B., Barnes, M., Hindmarsh, J., Lim, S., Lovelock, D., Fuangrod, T., O'Connor, D., Keall, P., Greer, P. (2017). Commissioning and quality assurance for VMAT delivery systems: An efficient time-resolved system using real-time EPID imaging: An. Medical Physics, 44(8), 3909-3922. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Moros, E., Fahrig, R., Deye, J., Yi, T., Woodward, M., Keall, P., Siewerdsen, J. (2017). Development and testing of a database of NIH research funding of AAPM members: A report from the AAPM Working Group for the Development of a Research Database (WGDRD). Medical Physics, 44(4), 1590-1601. [More Information]
  • Hegi-Johnson, F., Keall, P., Barber, J., Bui, C., Kipritidis, J. (2017). Evaluating the accuracy of 4D-CT ventilation imaging: First comparison with Technegas SPECT ventilation. Medical Physics, 44(8), 4045-4055. [More Information]
  • Oborn, B., Gargett, M., Causer, T., Alnaghy, S., Hardcastle, N., Metcalfe, P., Keall, P. (2017). Experimental verification of dose enhancement effects in a lung phantom from inline magnetic fields. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 125(3), 433-438. [More Information]
  • Oborn, B., Dowdell, S., Metcalfe, P., Crozier, S., Mohan, R., Keall, P. (2017). Future of medical physics: Real-time MRI-guided proton therapy: Real-time. Medical Physics, 44(8), e77-e90. [More Information]
  • Caillet, V., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2017). IGRT and motion management during lung SBRT delivery. Physica Medica, 44, 113-122. [More Information]
  • Feain, I., Court, L., Palta, J., Beddar, S., Keall, P. (2017). Innovations in radiotherapy technology. Clinical Oncology, 29(2), 120-128. [More Information]
  • Caillet, V., Keall, P., Colvill, E., Hardcastle, N., O'Brien, R., Szymura, K., Booth, J. (2017). MLC tracking for lung SABR reduces planning target volumes and dose to organs at risk. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 124(1), 18-24. [More Information]
  • Huang, C., Keall, P., Rice, A., Colvill, E., Ng, J., Booth, J. (2017). Performance assessment of a programmable five degrees-of-freedom motion platform for quality assurance of motion management techniques in radiotherapy. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 40(3), 643-649. [More Information]
  • Juneja, P., Colvill, E., Kneebone, A., Eade, T., Ng, J., Thwaites, D., Keall, P., Kaur, R., Poulsen, P., Booth, J. (2017). Quantification of intrafraction prostate motion and its dosimetric effect on VMAT. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 40(2), 317-324. [More Information]
  • Kim, J., Nguyen, D., Huang, C., Fuangrod, T., Caillet, V., O'Brien, R., Poulsen, P., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2017). Quantifying the accuracy and precision of a novel real-time 6 degree-of-freedom kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring (KIM) target tracking system. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 62(14), 5744-5759. [More Information]
  • Woodruff, H., Shieh, C., Hegi-Johnson, F., Keall, P., Kipritidis, J. (2017). Quantifying the reproducibility of lung ventilation images between 4-Dimensional Cone Beam CT and 4-Dimensional CT. Medical Physics, 44(5), 1771-1781. [More Information]
  • Legge, K., Nguyen, D., Ng, J., Wilton, L., Richardson, M., Booth, J., Keall, P., O'Connor, D., Greer, P., Martin, J. (2017). Real-time intrafraction prostate motion during linac based stereotactic radiotherapy with rectal displacement. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 18(6), 130-136. [More Information]
  • O'Brien, R., Stankovic, U., Sonke, J., Keall, P. (2017). Reducing 4DCBCT imaging time and dose: The first implementation of variable gantry speed 4DCBCT on a linear accelerator. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 62(11), 4300-4317. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Nguyen, D., O'Brien, R., Booth, J., Greer, P., Poulsen, P., Gebski, V., Kneebone, A., Martin, J. (2017). Stereotactic prostate adaptive radiotherapy utilising kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring: The TROG 15.01 SPARK trial. BMC Cancer, 17(1), 1-7. [More Information]
  • Feain, I., Coleman, L., Wallis, H., Sokolov, R., O'Brien, R., Keall, P. (2017). Technical Note: The design and function of a horizontal patient rotation system for the purposes of fixed-beam cancer radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 44(6), 2490-2502. [More Information]
  • Legge, K., Greer, P., Keall, P., Booth, J., Arumugam, S., Moodie, T., Nguyen, D., Martin, J., O'Connor, D., Lehmann, J. (2017). Technical note: TROG 15.01 SPARK trial multi-institutional imaging dose measurement. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 18(5), 358-363. [More Information]
  • Nguyen, D., O'Brien, R., Kim, J., Huang, C., Wilton, L., Greer, P., Legge, K., Booth, J., Poulsen, P., Martin, J., Keall, P. (2017). The first clinical implementation of a real-time six degree of freedom target tracking system during radiation therapy based on Kilovoltage Intrafraction Monitoring (KIM). Radiotherapy and Oncology, 123(1), 37-42. [More Information]
  • Rai, R., Kumar, S., Batumalai, V., Elwadia, D., Ohanessian, L., Juresic, E., Cassapi, L., Vinod, S., Holloway, L., Keall, P., et al (2017). The integration of MRI in radiation therapy: collaboration of radiographers and radiation therapists. Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences, 64(1), 61-68. [More Information]
  • Colvill, E., Booth, J., Nill, S., Fast, M., Bedford, J., Oelfke, U., Nakamura, M., Poulsen, P., Worm, E., Hansen, R., Keall, P., et al (2016). A dosimetric comparison of real-time adaptive and non-adaptive radiotherapy: A multi-institutional study encompassing robotic, gimbaled, multileaf collimator and couch tracking. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 119(1), 159-165. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Gierman, S., Holloway, L., Schmerge, J., Keall, P., Fahrig, R. (2016). A novel electron accelerator for MRI-Linac radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 43(3), 1285-1294. [More Information]
  • Zwan, B., Barnes, M., Fuangrod, T., Stanton, C., O'Connor, D., Keall, P., Greer, P. (2016). An EPID-based system for gantry-resolved MLC quality assurance for VMAT. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 17(5), 348-365. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Greer, P., Ludbrook, J., Arm, J., Hunter, P., Pollock, S., Makhija, K., O'Brien, R., Kim, T., Keall, P. (2016). Audiovisual Biofeedback Improves Cine-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measured Lung Tumor Motion Consistency. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 94(3), 628-636. [More Information]
  • Kida, S., Bal, M., Kabus, S., Negahdar, M., Shan, X., Loo Jr, B., Keall, P., Yamamoto, T. (2016). CT ventilation functional image-based IMRT treatment plans are comparable to SPECT ventilation functional image-based plans. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 118(3), 521-527. [More Information]
  • Osborn, B., Ge, Y., Hardcastle, N., Metcalfe, P., Keall, P. (2016). Dose enhancement in radiotherapy of small lung tumors using inline magnetic fields: A Monte Carlo based planning study. Medical Physics, 43(1), 368-377. [More Information]
  • Kipritidis, J., Hofman, M., Siva, S., Callahan, J., Le Roux, P., Woodruff, H., Counter, W., Keall, P. (2016). Estimating lung ventilation directly from 4D CT Hounsfield unit values. Medical Physics, 43(1), 33-43. [More Information]
  • Feain, I., Shieh, C., White, P., O'Brien, R., Fisher, S., Counter, W., Lazarakis, P., Stewart, D., Downes, S., Jackson, M., Whelan, B., Makhija, K., Huang, C., Keall, P., et al (2016). Functional imaging equivalence and proof of concept for image-guided adaptive radiotherapy with fixed gantry and rotating couch. Advances in Radiation Oncology, 1(4), 365-372. [More Information]
  • Eslick, E., Bailey, D., Harris, B., Kipritidis, J., Stevens, M., Li, B., Bailey, E., Gradinscak, D., Pollock, S., Htun, C., Keall, P., et al (2016). Measurement of preoperative lobar lung function with computed tomography ventilation imaging: progress towards rapid stratification of lung cancer lobectomy patients with abnormal lung function. European Journal Of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 49(4), 1075-1082. [More Information]
  • Seregni, M., Paganelli, C., Lee, D., Greer, P., Baroni, G., Keall, P., Riboldi, M. (2016). Motion prediction in MRI-guided radiotherapy based on interleaved orthogonal cine-MRI. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(2), 872-887. [More Information]
  • Ipsen, S., Bruder, R., O'Brien, R., Keall, P., Schweikard, A., Poulsen, P. (2016). Online 4D ultrasound guidance for real-time motion compensation by MLC tracking. Medical Physics, 43(10), 5695-5704. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Holloway, L., Constantin, D., Oborn, B., Bazalova-Carter, M., Fahrig, R., Keall, P. (2016). Performance of a clinical gridded electron gun in magnetic fields: Implications for MRI-linac therapy. Medical Physics, 43(11), 5903-5914. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Greer, P., Pollock, S., Kim, T., Keall, P. (2016). Quantifying the accuracy of the tumor motion and area as a function of acceleration factor for the simulation of the dynamic keyhole magnetic resonance imaging method. Medical Physics, 43(5), 2639-2648. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Ng, J., Juneja, P., O'Brien, R., Huang, C., Colvill, E., Caillet, V., Simpson, E., Poulsen, P., Kneebone, A., Eade, T., Booth, J. (2016). Real-Time 3D Image Guidance Using a Standard LINAC: Measured Motion, Accuracy, and Precision of the First Prospective Clinical Trial of Kilovoltage Intrafraction Monitoringe-Guided Gating for Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 94(5), 1015-1021. [More Information]
  • Chung, H., Poulsen, P., Keall, P., Cho, S., Cho, B. (2016). Reconstruction of implanted marker trajectories from cone-beam CT projection images using interdimensional correlation modeling. Medical Physics, 43(8), 4643-4654. [More Information]
  • Wisotzky, E., O'Brien, R., Keall, P. (2016). Technical Note: A novel leaf sequencing optimization algorithm which considers previous underdose and overdose events for MLC tracking radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 43(1), 132-136. [More Information]
  • Liney, G., Dong, B., Begg, J., Vial, P., Zhang, K., Lee, F., Walker, A., Rai, R., Causer, T., Alnaghy, S., Holloway, L., Keall, P., et al (2016). Technical Note: Experimental results from a prototype high-field inline MRI-linac. Medical Physics, 43(9), 5188-5194. [More Information]
  • O'Brien, R., Cooper, B., Shieh, C., Stankovic, U., Keall, P., Sonke, J. (2016). The first implementation of respiratory triggered 4DCBCT on a linear accelerator. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(9), 3488-3499. [More Information]
  • Yamamoto, T., Kabus, S., Bal, M., Keall, P., Benedict, S., Daly, M. (2016). The first patient treatment of computed tomography ventilation functional image-guided radiotherapy for lung cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 118(2), 227-231. [More Information]
  • Booth, J., Caillet, V., Hardcastle, N., O'Brien, R., Szymura, K., Crasta, C., Harris, B., Haddad, C., Eade, T., Keall, P. (2016). The first patient treatment of electromagnetic-guided real time adaptive radiotherapy using MLC tracking for lung SABR. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 121(1), 19-25. [More Information]
  • Yang, J., Yamamoto, T., Pollock, S., Berger, J., Diehn, M., Graves, E., Loo Jr, B., Keall, P. (2016). The impact of audiovisual biofeedback on 4D functional and anatomic imaging: Results of a lung cancer pilot study. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 120(2), 267-272. [More Information]
  • Pollock, S., Kipritidis, J., Lee, D., Bernatowicz, K., Keall, P. (2016). The impact of breathing guidance and prospective gating during thoracic 4DCT imaging: An XCAT study utilizing lung cancer patient motion. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(17), 6485-6501. [More Information]
  • Ipsen, S., Blanck, O., Lowther, N., Liney, G., Rai, R., Bode, F., Dunst, J., Schweikard, A., Keall, P. (2016). Towards real-time MRI-guided 3D localization of deforming targets for non-invasive cardiac radiosurgery. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(22), 7848-7863. [More Information]
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  • Suh, Y., Sawant, A., Venkat, R., Keall, P. (2009). Four-dimensional IMRT treatment planning using a DMLC motion-tracking algorithm. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54(12), 3821-3835. [More Information]
  • Ma, Y., Lee, L., Keshet, O., Keall, P., Xing, L. (2009). Four-dimensional inverse treatment planning with inclusion of implanted fiducials in IMRT segmented fields. Medical Physics, 36(6), 2215-2221. [More Information]
  • Smith, R., Sawant, A., Santanam, L., Venkat, R., Newell, L., Cho, B., Poulsen, P., Cattell, H., Keall, P., Parikh, P. (2009). Integration of real-time internal electromagnetic position monitoring coupled with dynamic multileaf collimator tracking: an intensity-modulated radiation therapy feasibility study. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 74(3), 868-875. [More Information]
  • Bazalova, M., Zhou, H., Keall, P., Graves, E. (2009). Kilovoltage beam Monte Carlo dose calculations in submillimeter voxels for small animal radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 36(11), 4991-4999. [More Information]
  • Dogan, N., Mihaylov, I., Wu, Y., Keall, P., Siebers, J., Hagan, M. (2009). Monte Carlo dose verification of prostate patients treated with simultaneous integrated boost intensity modulated radiation therapy. Radiation Oncology, 4, 1-17. [More Information]
  • Ruan, D., Fessler, J., Balter, J., Keall, P. (2009). Real-time profiling of respiratory motion: baseline drift, frequency variation and fundamental pattern change. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54(15), 4777-4792. [More Information]
  • Sawant, A., Smith, R., Venkat, R., Santanam, L., Cho, B., Poulsen, P., Cattell, H., Newell, L., Parikh, P., Keall, P. (2009). Toward submillimeter accuracy in the management of intrafraction motion: the integration of real-time internal position monitoring and multileaf collimator target tracking. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 74(2), 575-582. [More Information]
  • Suh, Y., Weiss, E., Zhong, H., Fatyga, M., Siebers, J., Keall, P. (2008). A deliverable four-dimensional intensity-modulated radiation therapy-planning method for dynamic multileaf collimator tumor tracking delivery. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 71(5), 1526-1536. [More Information]
  • Poulsen, P., Cho, B., Keall, P. (2008). A method to estimate mean position, motion magnitude, motion correlation, and trajectory of a tumor from cone-beam CT projections for image-guided radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 72(5), 1587-1596. [More Information]
  • Cho, B., Suh, Y., Dieterich, S., Keall, P. (2008). A monoscopic method for real-time tumour tracking using combined occasional x-ray imaging and continuous respiratory monitoring. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(11), 2837-2855. [More Information]
  • Luxton, G., Keall, P., King, C. (2008). A new formula for normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) as a function of equivalent uniform dose (EUD). Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(1), 23-36. [More Information]
  • Suh, Y., Dieterich, S., Cho, B., Keall, P. (2008). An analysis of thoracic and abdominal tumour motion for stereotactic body radiotherapy patients. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(13), 3623-3640. [More Information]
  • Yorke, E., Keall, P., Verhaegen, F. (2008). Anniversary paper: Role of medical physicists and the AAPM in improving geometric aspects of treatment accuracy and precision. Medical Physics, 35(3), 828-839. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Wijesooriya, K., Ramakrishnan, V., Keall, P. (2008). Comparison of intensity-modulated radiotherapy planning based on manual and automatically generated contours using deformable image registration in four-dimensional computed tomography of lung cancer patients. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 70(2), 572-581.e2. [More Information]
  • Venkat, R., Sawant, A., Suh, Y., George, R., Keall, P. (2008). Development and preliminary evaluation of a prototype audiovisual biofeedback device incorporating a patient-specific guiding waveform. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(11), N197-N208. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Wijesooriya, K., Keall, P. (2008). Esophagus and spinal cord motion relative to GTV motion in four-dimensional CTs of lung cancer patients. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 87(1), 44-48. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Chang, M., Benedict, S., Thames, H., Vedam, S., Lin, P. (2008). Investigating the temporal effects of respiratory-gated and intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment delivery on in vitro survival: an experimental and theoretical study. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 71(5), 1547-1552. [More Information]
  • Dieterich, S., Cleary, K., D’Souza, W., Murphy, M., Wong, K., Keall, P. (2008). Locating and targeting moving tumors with radiation beams. Medical Physics, 35(12), 5684-5694. [More Information]
  • Sawant, A., Venkat, R., Srivastava, V., Carlson, D., Povzner, S., Cattell, H., Keall, P. (2008). Management of three-dimensional intrafraction motion through real-time DMLC tracking. Medical Physics, 35(5), 2050-2061. [More Information]
  • George, R., Suh, Y., Murphy, M., Williamson, J., Weiss, E., Keall, P. (2008). On the accuracy of a moving average algorithm for target tracking during radiation therapy treatment delivery. Medical Physics, 35(6), 2356-2365. [More Information]
  • Langner, U., Keall, P. (2008). Prospective displacement and velocity-based cine 4D CT. Medical Physics, 35(10), 4501-4512. [More Information]
  • Wijesooriya, K., Weiss, E., Dill, V., Dong, L., Mohan, R., Joshi, S., Keall, P. (2008). Quantifying the accuracy of automated structure segmentation in 4D CT images using a deformable image registration algorithm. Medical Physics, 35(4), 1251-1260. [More Information]
  • Yamamoto, T., Langner, U., Loo, B., Shen, J., Keall, P. (2008). Retrospective analysis of artifacts in four-dimensional CT images of 50 abdominal and thoracic radiotherapy patients. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 72(4), 1250-1258. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Arief, I., Shamas, S., Weiss, E., Castle, S. (2008). The development and investigation of a prototype three-dimensional compensator for whole brain radiation therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(9), 2267-2276. [More Information]
  • Poulsen, P., Cho, B., Langen, K., Kupelian, P., Keall, P. (2008). Three-dimensional prostate position estimation with a single x-ray imager utilizing the spatial probability density. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(16), 4331-4353. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Lauve, A., Hagan, M., Siebers, J. (2007). A strategy to correct for intrafraction target translation in conformal prostate radiotherapy: simulation results. Medical Physics, 34(6), 1944-1951. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Siebers, J., Keall, P. (2007). An analysis of 6-MV versus 18-MV photon energy plans for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) of lung cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 82(1), 55-62. [More Information]
  • Xing, L., Siebers, J., Keall, P. (2007). Computational Challenges for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy: Framework and Current Research. Seminars in Radiation Oncology. [More Information]
  • Graves, E., Zhou, H., Chatterjee, R., Keall, P., Gambhir, S., Contag, C., Boyer, A. (2007). Design and evaluation of a variable aperture collimator for conformal radiotherapy of small animals using a microCT scanner. Medical Physics, 34(11), 4359-4367. [More Information]
  • Suh, Y., Dieterich, S., Keall, P. (2007). Geometric uncertainty of 2D projection imaging in monitoring 3D tumor motion. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 52(12), 3439-3454. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Ramakrishnan, V., Keall, P. (2007). Is there a selection bias in radiotherapy dose-escalation protocols? International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 68(5), 1359-1365. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Webb, S. (2007). Optimum parameters in a model for tumour control probability, including interpatient heterogeneity: evaluation of the log-normal distribution. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 52(1), 291-302. [More Information]
  • Heath, E., Collins, D., Keall, P., Dong, L., Seuntjens, J. (2007). Quantification of accuracy of the automated nonlinear image matching and anatomical labeling (ANIMAL) nonlinear registration algorithm for 4D CT images of lung. Medical Physics, 34(11), 4409-4421. [More Information]
  • Chetty, I., Curran, B., Cygler, J., DeMarco, J., Ezzell, G., Faddegon, B., Kawrakow, I., Keall, P., Liu, H., Ma, C., et al (2007). Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning. Medical Physics, 34(12), 4818-4853. [More Information]
  • Li, X., Keall, P., Orton, C. (2007). Respiratory gating for radiation therapy is not ready for prime time. Medical Physics, 34(3), 867-870. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Vedam, S., George, R., Williamson, J. (2007). Respiratory regularity gated 4D CT acquisition: concepts and proof of principle. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 30(3), 211-220. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Wijesooriya, K., Dill, V., Keall, P. (2007). Tumor and normal tissue motion in the thorax during respiration: Analysis of volumetric and positional variations using 4D CT. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 67(1), 296-307. [More Information]
  • George, R., Chung, T., Vedam, S., Ramakrishnan, V., Mohan, R., Weiss, E., Keall, P. (2006). Audio-visual biofeedback for respiratory-gated radiotherapy: impact of audio instruction and audio-visual biofeedback on respiratory-gated radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 65(3), 924-933. [More Information]
  • Dogan, N., Siebers, J., Keall, P. (2006). Clinical comparison of head and neck and prostate IMRT plans using absorbed dose to medium and absorbed dose to water. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51(19), 4967-4980. [More Information]
  • Fitzpatrick, M., Starkschall, G., Antolak, J., Fu, J., Shukla, H., Keall, P., Klahr, P., Mohan, R. (2006). Displacement-based binning of time-dependent computed tomography image data sets. Medical Physics, 33(1), 235-246. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Cattell, H., Pokhrel, D., Dieterich, S., Wong, K., Murphy, M., Vedam, S., Wijesooriya, K., Mohan, R. (2006). Geometric accuracy of a real-time target tracking system with dynamic multileaf collimator tracking system. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 65(5), 1579-1584. [More Information]
  • Dogan, N., Siebers, J., Keall, P., Lerma, F., Wu, Y., Fatyga, M., Williamson, J., Schmidt-Ullrich, R. (2006). Improving IMRT dose accuracy via deliverable Monte Carlo optimization for the treatment of head and neck cancer patients. Medical Physics, 33(1), 4033-4043. [More Information]
  • George, R., Ramakrishnan, V., Siebers, J., Chung, T., Keall, P. (2006). Investigation of patient, tumour and treatment variables affecting residual motion for respiratory-gated radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51(20), 5305-5319. [More Information]
  • Sakthi, N., Keall, P., Mihaylov, I., Wu, Q., Wu, Y., Williamson, J., Schmidt-Ullrich, R., Siebers, J. (2006). Monte Carlo-based dosimetry of head-and-neck patients treated with SIB-IMRT. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 64(3), 968-977. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Vedam, S., George, R., Bartee, C., Siebers, J., Lerma, F., Weiss, E., Chung, T. (2006). The clinical implementation of respiratory-gated intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Medical Dosimetry, 31(2), 152-162. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Mageras, G., Balter, J., Emery, R., Forster, K., Jiang, S., Kapatoes, J., Low, D., Murphy, M., Murray, B. (2006). The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76. Medical Physics, 33(10), 3874-3900. [More Information]
  • Fitzpatrick, M., Starkschall, G., Balter, P., Antolak, J., Guerrero, T., Nelson, C., Keall, P., Mohan, R. (2005). A novel platform simulating irregular motion to enhance assessment of respiration-correlated radiation therapy procedures. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 6(1), 13-21.
  • Wijesooriya, K., Bartee, C., Siebers, J., Vedam, S., Keall, P. (2005). Determination of maximum leaf velocity and acceleration of a dynamic multileaf collimator: Implications for 4D radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 32(4), 932-941. [More Information]
  • Vedam, S., Docef, A., Fix, M., Murphy, M., Keall, P. (2005). Dosimetric impact of geometric errors due to respiratory motion prediction on dynamic multileaf collimator-based four-dimensional radiation delivery. Medical Physics. [More Information]
  • Siebers, J., Keall, P., Wu, Q., Williamson, J., Schmidt-Ullrich, R. (2005). Effect of patient setup errors on simultaneously integrated boost head and neck IMRT treatment plans. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 63(2), 422-433. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Joshi, S., Vedam, S., Siebers, J., Kini, V., Mohan, R. (2005). Four-dimensional radiotherapy planning for DMLC-based respiratory motion tracking. Medical Physics, 32(4), 942-951. [More Information]
  • George, R., Keall, P., Kini, V., Vedam, S., Ramakrishnan, V., Mohan, R. (2005). Is the diaphragm motion probability density function normally distributed? Medical Physics, 32(2), 396-404. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Vorwerk, H., Keall, P., Pradier, O., Christiansen, H., Hille, A., Hess, C. (2005). Letter to the editor concerning Senan et al. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 72(3), 346-347. [More Information]
  • Fix, M., Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2005). Photon-beam subsource sensitivity to the initial electron-beam parameters. Medical Physics, 32(4), 1164-1175. [More Information]
  • Venning, A., Nitschke, K., Keall, P., Baldock, C. (2005). Radiological properties of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters. Medical Physics, 32(4), 1047-1053. [More Information]
  • Papiez, L., Rangaraj, D., Keall, P. (2005). Real-time DMLC IMRT delivery for mobile and deforming targets. Medical Physics, 32(9), 3037-3048. [More Information]
  • George, R., Vedam, S., Chung, T., Ramakrishnan, V., Keall, P. (2005). The application of the sinusoidal model to lung cancer patient respiratory motion. Medical Physics, 32(9), 2850-2861. [More Information]
  • Keall, P. (2004). 4-dimensional computed tomography imaging and treatment planning. Seminars in Radiation Oncology, 14(1), 81-90. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Starkschall, G., Shukla, H., Forster, K., Ortiz, V., Stevens, C., Vedam, S., George, R., Guerrero, T., Mohan, R. (2004). Acquiring 4D thoracic CT scans using a multislice helical method. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 49(10), 2053-2067. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Siebers, J., Joshi, S., Mohan, R. (2004). Monte Carlo as a four-dimensional radiotherapy treatment-planning tool to account for respiratory motion. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 49(16), 3639-3648. [More Information]
  • Siebers, J., Kim, J., Ko, L., Keall, P., Mohan, R. (2004). Monte Carlo computation of dosimetric amorphous silicon electronic portal images. Medical Physics, 31(7), 2135-2146. [More Information]
  • Fix, M., Keall, P., Dawson, K., Siebers, J. (2004). Monte Carlo source model for photon beam radiotherapy: photon source characteristics. Medical Physics, 31(11), 3106-3121. [More Information]
  • Kang, S., Cho, B., Park, S., Park, H., Bae, H., Kim, J., Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2004). Monte Carlo-based treatment planning for a spoiler system with experimental validation using plane-parallel ionization chambers. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 49(22), 5145-5155. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Todor, A., Vedam, S., Bartee, C., Siebers, J., Kini, V., Mohan, R. (2004). On the use of EPID-based implanted marker tracking for 4D radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 31(12), 3492-3499. [More Information]
  • Vedam, S., Keall, P., Docef, A., Todor, D., Kini, V., Mohan, R. (2004). Predicting respiratory motion for four-dimensional radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 31(8), 2274-2283. [More Information]
  • Vedam, S., Keall, P., Kini, V., Mostafavi, H., Shukla, H., Mohan, R. (2003). Acquiring a four-dimensional computed tomography dataset using an external respiratory signal. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 48(1), 45-62. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Williamson, J. (2003). Clinical evidence that more precisely defined dose distributions will improve cancer survival and decrease morbidity. Medical Physics, 30(6), 1281-1282. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Siebers, J., Libby, B., Mohan, R. (2003). Determining the incident electron fluence for Monte Carlo-based photon treatment planning using a standard measured data set. Medical Physics, 30(4), 574-582. [More Information]
  • Reft, C., Alecu, R., Das, I., Gerbi, B., Keall, P., Lief, E., Mijnheer, B., Papanikolaou, N., Sibata, C., Van Dyk, J. (2003). Dosimetric considerations for patients with HIP prostheses undergoing pelvic irradiation. Medical Physics, 30(6), 1162-1182. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Chock, L., Jeraj, R., Siebers, J., Mohan, R. (2003). Image reconstruction and the effect on dose calculation for hip prostheses. Medical Dosimetry, 28(2), 113-117. [More Information]
  • Kini, V., Vedam, S., Keall, P., Patil, S., Chen, C., Mohan, R. (2003). Patient training in respiratory-gated radiotherapy. Medical Dosimetry, 28(1), 7-11. [More Information]
  • George, R., Keall, P., Kini, V., Vedam, S., Siebers, J., Wu, Q., Lauterbach, M., Arthur, D., Mohan, R. (2003). Quantifying the effect of intrafraction motion during breast IMRT planning and dose delivery. Medical Physics, 30(4), 552-562. [More Information]
  • Vedam, S., Kini, V., Keall, P., Ramakrishnan, V., Mostafavi, H., Mohan, R. (2003). Quantifying the predictability of diaphragm motion during respiration with a noninvasive external marker. Medical Physics, 30(4), 505-513. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Siebers, J., Jeraj, R., Mohan, R. (2003). Radiotherapy dose calculations in the presence of hip prostheses. Medical Dosimetry, 28(2), 107-112. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Lammering, G., Lin, P., Winter, D., Chung, T., Mohan, R., Schmidt-Ullrich, R. (2003). Tumor control probability predictions for genetic radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 57(1), 255-263. [More Information]
  • Beckham, W., Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2002). A fluence-convolution method to calculate radiation therapy dose distributions that incorporate random set-up error. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47(19), 3465-3473. [More Information]
  • Siebers, J., Keall, P., Kim, J., Mohan, R. (2002). A method for photon beam Monte Carlo multileaf collimator particle transport. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47(17), 3225-3249. [More Information]
  • Liu, H., Keall, P., Hendee, W. (2002). Dm rather than Dw should be used in Monte Carlo treatment planning. Medical Physics, 29(5), 922-924. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2002). Dosimetric advantage of using 6 MV over 15 MV photons in conformal therapy of lung cancer: Monte Carlo studies in patient geometries. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 3(3), 260-260.
  • Siebers, J., Lauterbach, M., Keall, P., Mohan, R. (2002). Incorporating multi-leaf collimator leaf sequencing into iterative IMRT optimization. Medical Physics, 29(6), 952-959. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Kini, V., Vedam, S., Mohan, R. (2002). Potential radiotherapy improvements with respiratory gating. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 25(1), 1-6.
  • Jeraj, R., Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2002). The effect of dose calculation accuracy on inverse treatment planning. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47(3), 391-407. [More Information]

Conferences

  • Newall, M., Petasecca, M., Duncan, M., Fuduli, I., Shukaili, K., Booth, J., Keall, P., Corde, S., Pereveratylo, V., Lerch, M., et al (2017). Innovative detectors for quality assurance dosimetry in SBRT of stationary and movable targets. Micro-Mini and Nano-Dosimetry and Innovative Technologies in Radiation Therapy (MMND and ITRO 2016), Bristol, UK: Institute of Physics Publishing. [More Information]
  • Kipritidis, J., Woodruff, H., Eslick, E., Hegi-Johnson, F., Keall, P. (2016). New pathways for end-to-end validation of CT ventilation imaging (CTVI) using deformable image registration. 2016 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI): From Nano to Macro, Piscataway: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). [More Information]
  • Ruan, D., Keall, P. (2011). Dynamic multileaf collimator control for motion adaptive radiotherapy: an optimization approach. 2011 IEEE Power Engineering and Automation Conference (PEAM 2011), Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). [More Information]

Patents

  • Keall, P., O'Brien, R., Cooper, B., Lu, J., Williamson, J. (2016). Optimising RMG-4DCBCT Image Acquisition. Patent No. 201280037958. China.
  • Ruan, D., Keall, P., Sawant, A. (2015). Method and System for Real-Time DMLC-based Target tracking with Opt Motion Compens' Leaf Adaptation. Patent No. 8971489.

2018

  • Colvill, E., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2018). 4D Dosimetry. In B Mihnheer (Eds.), Clinical 3D Dosimetry in Modern Radiation Therapy, (pp. 281-300). Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis.
  • Barber, J., Shieh, C., Counter, W., Sykes, J., Bennett, P., Ahern, V., Corde, S., Heng, S., White, P., Jackson, M., Liu, P., Keall, P., Feain, I. (2018). A CBCT study of the gravity-induced movement in rotating rabbits. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63(10), 1-8. [More Information]
  • Montanaro, T., Nguyen, D., Keall, P., Booth, J., Eade, T., Haddad, C., Caillet, V., Shieh, C. (2018). A comparison of gantry-mounted x-ray-based real-Time target tracking methods. Medical Physics, 45(3), 1222-1232. [More Information]
  • Nguyen, D., Bertholet, J., Kim, J., O'Brien, R., Booth, J., Poulsen, P., Keall, P. (2018). An interdimensional correlation framework for real-time estimation of six degree of freedom target motion using a single x-ray imager during radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63(1), 1-15. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Greer, P., Paganelli, C., Ludbrook, J., Kim, T., Keall, P. (2018). Audiovisual biofeedback improves the correlation between internal/external surrogate motion and lung tumor motion. Medical Physics, 45(3), 1009-1017. [More Information]
  • Eslick, E., Kipritidis, J., Gradinscak, D., Stevens, M., Bailey, D., Harris, B., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2018). CT ventilation imaging derived from breath hold CT exhibits good regional accuracy with Galligas PET. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 127(2), 267-273. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Colvill, E., O'Brien, R., Caillet, V., Eade, T., Kneebone, A., Hruby, G., Poulsen, P., Zwan, B., Greer, P., Booth, J. (2018). Electromagnetic-Guided MLC Tracking Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Patients: Prospective Clinical Trial Results. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 101(2), 387-395. [More Information]
  • Paganelli, C., Lee, D., Kipritidis, J., Whelan, B., Greer, P., Baroni, G., Riboldi, M., Keall, P. (2018). Feasibility study on 3D image reconstruction from 2D orthogonal cine-MRI for MRI-guided radiotherapy. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 62(3), 389-400. [More Information]
  • Paganelli, C., Kipritidis, J., Lee, D., Baroni, G., Keall, P., Riboldi, M. (2018). Image-based retrospective 4D MRI in external beam radiotherapy: A comparative study with a digital phantom. Medical Physics, 45(7), 3161-3172. [More Information]
  • Liney, G., Dong, B., Weber, E., Rai, R., Destruel, A., Garcia-Alvarez, R., Manton, D., Jelen, U., Zhang, K., Barton, M., Keall, P., et al (2018). Imaging performance of a dedicated radiation transparent RF coil on a 10 Tesla inline MRI-linac. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63, 1-10. [More Information]
  • Pollock, S., Tse, R., Martin, D., McLean, L., Pham, M., Tait, D., Estoesta, R., Whittington, G., Turley, J., Cho, G., Hill, R., Makhija, K., O'Brien, R., Keall, P., et al (2018). Impact of audiovisual biofeedback on interfraction respiratory motion reproducibility in liver cancer stereotactic body radiotherapy. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 62(1), 133-139. [More Information]
  • Chapman, C., McGuinness, C., Gottschalk, A., Yom, S., Garsa, A., Anwar, M., Braunstein, S., Sudhyadhom, A., Keall, P., Descovich, M. (2018). Influence of respiratory motion management technique on radiation pneumonitis risk with robotic stereotactic body radiation therapy. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 19(4), 48-57. [More Information]
  • Lowther, N., Ipsen, S., Marsh, S., Blanck, O., Keall, P. (2018). Investigation of the XCAT phantom as a validation tool in cardiac MRI tracking algorithms. Physica Medica, 45, 44-51. [More Information]
  • Martin, J., Supiot, S., Keall, P., Catton, C. (2018). Moderately hypofractionated prostate external-beam radiotherapy: an emerging standard. British Journal of Radiology, 91, 1-8. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Kolling, S., Oborn, B., Keall, P. (2018). Passive magnetic shielding in MRI-Linac systems. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63(7), 1-16. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Kolling, S., Oborn, B., Keall, P. (2018). Passive magnetic shielding in MRI-Linac systems. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 63(7), 1-15. [More Information]
  • Toftegaard, J., Keall, P., O'Brien, R., Ruan, D., Ernst, F., Homma, N., Ichiji, K., Poulsen, P. (2018). Potential improvements of lung and prostate MLC tracking investigated by treatment simulations. Medical Physics, 45(5), 2218-2229. [More Information]
  • Kim, J., Nguyen, D., Booth, J., Huang, C., Fuangrod, T., Poulsen, P., O'Brien, R., Caillet, V., Eade, T., Kneebone, A., Keall, P. (2018). The accuracy and precision of Kilovoltage Intrafraction Monitoring (KIM) six degree-of-freedom prostate motion measurements during patient treatments. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 126(2), 236-243. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Nguyen, D., O'Brien, R., Caillet, V., Hewson, E., Poulsen, P., Bromley, R., Bell, L., Eade, T., Kneebone, A., Booth, J., et al (2018). The first clinical implementation of real-time image-guided adaptive radiotherapy using a standard linear accelerator. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 127(1), 6-11. [More Information]

2017

  • Shieh, C., Caillet, V., Dunbar, M., Keall, P., Booth, J., Hardcastle, N., Haddad, C., Eade, T., Feain, I. (2017). A Bayesian approach for three-dimensional markerless tumor tracking using kV imaging during lung radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 62(8), 3065-3080. [More Information]
  • Hugo, G., Weiss, E., Sleeman, W., Balik, S., Keall, P., Lu, J., Williamson, J. (2017). A longitudinal four-dimensional computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography dataset for image-guided radiation therapy research in lung cancer. Medical Physics, 44(2), 762-771. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Liney, G., Dowling, J., Rai, R., Holloway, L., McGarvie, L., Feain, I., Barton, M., Berry, M., Wilkins, R., Keall, P. (2017). An MRI-compatible patient rotation system - design, construction, and first organ deformation results. Medical Physics, 44(2), 581-588. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Greer, P., Lapuz, C., Ludbrook, J., Hunter, P., Arm, J., Pollock, S., Makhija, K., O'Brien, R., Kim, T., Keall, P. (2017). Audiovisual biofeedback guided breath-hold improves lung tumor position reproducibility and volume consistency. Advances in Radiation Oncology, 2(3), 354-362. [More Information]
  • Zwan, B., Barnes, M., Hindmarsh, J., Lim, S., Lovelock, D., Fuangrod, T., O'Connor, D., Keall, P., Greer, P. (2017). Commissioning and quality assurance for VMAT delivery systems: An efficient time-resolved system using real-time EPID imaging: An. Medical Physics, 44(8), 3909-3922. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Moros, E., Fahrig, R., Deye, J., Yi, T., Woodward, M., Keall, P., Siewerdsen, J. (2017). Development and testing of a database of NIH research funding of AAPM members: A report from the AAPM Working Group for the Development of a Research Database (WGDRD). Medical Physics, 44(4), 1590-1601. [More Information]
  • Hegi-Johnson, F., Keall, P., Barber, J., Bui, C., Kipritidis, J. (2017). Evaluating the accuracy of 4D-CT ventilation imaging: First comparison with Technegas SPECT ventilation. Medical Physics, 44(8), 4045-4055. [More Information]
  • Oborn, B., Gargett, M., Causer, T., Alnaghy, S., Hardcastle, N., Metcalfe, P., Keall, P. (2017). Experimental verification of dose enhancement effects in a lung phantom from inline magnetic fields. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 125(3), 433-438. [More Information]
  • Oborn, B., Dowdell, S., Metcalfe, P., Crozier, S., Mohan, R., Keall, P. (2017). Future of medical physics: Real-time MRI-guided proton therapy: Real-time. Medical Physics, 44(8), e77-e90. [More Information]
  • Caillet, V., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2017). IGRT and motion management during lung SBRT delivery. Physica Medica, 44, 113-122. [More Information]
  • Feain, I., Court, L., Palta, J., Beddar, S., Keall, P. (2017). Innovations in radiotherapy technology. Clinical Oncology, 29(2), 120-128. [More Information]
  • Newall, M., Petasecca, M., Duncan, M., Fuduli, I., Shukaili, K., Booth, J., Keall, P., Corde, S., Pereveratylo, V., Lerch, M., et al (2017). Innovative detectors for quality assurance dosimetry in SBRT of stationary and movable targets. Micro-Mini and Nano-Dosimetry and Innovative Technologies in Radiation Therapy (MMND and ITRO 2016), Bristol, UK: Institute of Physics Publishing. [More Information]
  • Caillet, V., Keall, P., Colvill, E., Hardcastle, N., O'Brien, R., Szymura, K., Booth, J. (2017). MLC tracking for lung SABR reduces planning target volumes and dose to organs at risk. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 124(1), 18-24. [More Information]
  • Huang, C., Keall, P., Rice, A., Colvill, E., Ng, J., Booth, J. (2017). Performance assessment of a programmable five degrees-of-freedom motion platform for quality assurance of motion management techniques in radiotherapy. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 40(3), 643-649. [More Information]
  • Juneja, P., Colvill, E., Kneebone, A., Eade, T., Ng, J., Thwaites, D., Keall, P., Kaur, R., Poulsen, P., Booth, J. (2017). Quantification of intrafraction prostate motion and its dosimetric effect on VMAT. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 40(2), 317-324. [More Information]
  • Kim, J., Nguyen, D., Huang, C., Fuangrod, T., Caillet, V., O'Brien, R., Poulsen, P., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2017). Quantifying the accuracy and precision of a novel real-time 6 degree-of-freedom kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring (KIM) target tracking system. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 62(14), 5744-5759. [More Information]
  • Woodruff, H., Shieh, C., Hegi-Johnson, F., Keall, P., Kipritidis, J. (2017). Quantifying the reproducibility of lung ventilation images between 4-Dimensional Cone Beam CT and 4-Dimensional CT. Medical Physics, 44(5), 1771-1781. [More Information]
  • Legge, K., Nguyen, D., Ng, J., Wilton, L., Richardson, M., Booth, J., Keall, P., O'Connor, D., Greer, P., Martin, J. (2017). Real-time intrafraction prostate motion during linac based stereotactic radiotherapy with rectal displacement. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 18(6), 130-136. [More Information]
  • O'Brien, R., Stankovic, U., Sonke, J., Keall, P. (2017). Reducing 4DCBCT imaging time and dose: The first implementation of variable gantry speed 4DCBCT on a linear accelerator. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 62(11), 4300-4317. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Nguyen, D., O'Brien, R., Booth, J., Greer, P., Poulsen, P., Gebski, V., Kneebone, A., Martin, J. (2017). Stereotactic prostate adaptive radiotherapy utilising kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring: The TROG 15.01 SPARK trial. BMC Cancer, 17(1), 1-7. [More Information]
  • Feain, I., Coleman, L., Wallis, H., Sokolov, R., O'Brien, R., Keall, P. (2017). Technical Note: The design and function of a horizontal patient rotation system for the purposes of fixed-beam cancer radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 44(6), 2490-2502. [More Information]
  • Legge, K., Greer, P., Keall, P., Booth, J., Arumugam, S., Moodie, T., Nguyen, D., Martin, J., O'Connor, D., Lehmann, J. (2017). Technical note: TROG 15.01 SPARK trial multi-institutional imaging dose measurement. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 18(5), 358-363. [More Information]
  • Nguyen, D., O'Brien, R., Kim, J., Huang, C., Wilton, L., Greer, P., Legge, K., Booth, J., Poulsen, P., Martin, J., Keall, P. (2017). The first clinical implementation of a real-time six degree of freedom target tracking system during radiation therapy based on Kilovoltage Intrafraction Monitoring (KIM). Radiotherapy and Oncology, 123(1), 37-42. [More Information]
  • Rai, R., Kumar, S., Batumalai, V., Elwadia, D., Ohanessian, L., Juresic, E., Cassapi, L., Vinod, S., Holloway, L., Keall, P., et al (2017). The integration of MRI in radiation therapy: collaboration of radiographers and radiation therapists. Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences, 64(1), 61-68. [More Information]

2016

  • Colvill, E., Booth, J., Nill, S., Fast, M., Bedford, J., Oelfke, U., Nakamura, M., Poulsen, P., Worm, E., Hansen, R., Keall, P., et al (2016). A dosimetric comparison of real-time adaptive and non-adaptive radiotherapy: A multi-institutional study encompassing robotic, gimbaled, multileaf collimator and couch tracking. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 119(1), 159-165. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Gierman, S., Holloway, L., Schmerge, J., Keall, P., Fahrig, R. (2016). A novel electron accelerator for MRI-Linac radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 43(3), 1285-1294. [More Information]
  • Zwan, B., Barnes, M., Fuangrod, T., Stanton, C., O'Connor, D., Keall, P., Greer, P. (2016). An EPID-based system for gantry-resolved MLC quality assurance for VMAT. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 17(5), 348-365. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Greer, P., Ludbrook, J., Arm, J., Hunter, P., Pollock, S., Makhija, K., O'Brien, R., Kim, T., Keall, P. (2016). Audiovisual Biofeedback Improves Cine-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measured Lung Tumor Motion Consistency. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 94(3), 628-636. [More Information]
  • Kida, S., Bal, M., Kabus, S., Negahdar, M., Shan, X., Loo Jr, B., Keall, P., Yamamoto, T. (2016). CT ventilation functional image-based IMRT treatment plans are comparable to SPECT ventilation functional image-based plans. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 118(3), 521-527. [More Information]
  • Osborn, B., Ge, Y., Hardcastle, N., Metcalfe, P., Keall, P. (2016). Dose enhancement in radiotherapy of small lung tumors using inline magnetic fields: A Monte Carlo based planning study. Medical Physics, 43(1), 368-377. [More Information]
  • Kipritidis, J., Hofman, M., Siva, S., Callahan, J., Le Roux, P., Woodruff, H., Counter, W., Keall, P. (2016). Estimating lung ventilation directly from 4D CT Hounsfield unit values. Medical Physics, 43(1), 33-43. [More Information]
  • Feain, I., Shieh, C., White, P., O'Brien, R., Fisher, S., Counter, W., Lazarakis, P., Stewart, D., Downes, S., Jackson, M., Whelan, B., Makhija, K., Huang, C., Keall, P., et al (2016). Functional imaging equivalence and proof of concept for image-guided adaptive radiotherapy with fixed gantry and rotating couch. Advances in Radiation Oncology, 1(4), 365-372. [More Information]
  • Eslick, E., Bailey, D., Harris, B., Kipritidis, J., Stevens, M., Li, B., Bailey, E., Gradinscak, D., Pollock, S., Htun, C., Keall, P., et al (2016). Measurement of preoperative lobar lung function with computed tomography ventilation imaging: progress towards rapid stratification of lung cancer lobectomy patients with abnormal lung function. European Journal Of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 49(4), 1075-1082. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., O'Brien, R., Cooper, B., Lu, J., Williamson, J. (2016). Optimising RMG-4DCBCT Image Acquisition. Patent No. 201280037958. China.
  • Seregni, M., Paganelli, C., Lee, D., Greer, P., Baroni, G., Keall, P., Riboldi, M. (2016). Motion prediction in MRI-guided radiotherapy based on interleaved orthogonal cine-MRI. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(2), 872-887. [More Information]
  • Kipritidis, J., Woodruff, H., Eslick, E., Hegi-Johnson, F., Keall, P. (2016). New pathways for end-to-end validation of CT ventilation imaging (CTVI) using deformable image registration. 2016 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI): From Nano to Macro, Piscataway: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). [More Information]
  • Ipsen, S., Bruder, R., O'Brien, R., Keall, P., Schweikard, A., Poulsen, P. (2016). Online 4D ultrasound guidance for real-time motion compensation by MLC tracking. Medical Physics, 43(10), 5695-5704. [More Information]
  • Whelan, B., Holloway, L., Constantin, D., Oborn, B., Bazalova-Carter, M., Fahrig, R., Keall, P. (2016). Performance of a clinical gridded electron gun in magnetic fields: Implications for MRI-linac therapy. Medical Physics, 43(11), 5903-5914. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Greer, P., Pollock, S., Kim, T., Keall, P. (2016). Quantifying the accuracy of the tumor motion and area as a function of acceleration factor for the simulation of the dynamic keyhole magnetic resonance imaging method. Medical Physics, 43(5), 2639-2648. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Ng, J., Juneja, P., O'Brien, R., Huang, C., Colvill, E., Caillet, V., Simpson, E., Poulsen, P., Kneebone, A., Eade, T., Booth, J. (2016). Real-Time 3D Image Guidance Using a Standard LINAC: Measured Motion, Accuracy, and Precision of the First Prospective Clinical Trial of Kilovoltage Intrafraction Monitoringe-Guided Gating for Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 94(5), 1015-1021. [More Information]
  • Chung, H., Poulsen, P., Keall, P., Cho, S., Cho, B. (2016). Reconstruction of implanted marker trajectories from cone-beam CT projection images using interdimensional correlation modeling. Medical Physics, 43(8), 4643-4654. [More Information]
  • Wisotzky, E., O'Brien, R., Keall, P. (2016). Technical Note: A novel leaf sequencing optimization algorithm which considers previous underdose and overdose events for MLC tracking radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 43(1), 132-136. [More Information]
  • Liney, G., Dong, B., Begg, J., Vial, P., Zhang, K., Lee, F., Walker, A., Rai, R., Causer, T., Alnaghy, S., Holloway, L., Keall, P., et al (2016). Technical Note: Experimental results from a prototype high-field inline MRI-linac. Medical Physics, 43(9), 5188-5194. [More Information]
  • O'Brien, R., Cooper, B., Shieh, C., Stankovic, U., Keall, P., Sonke, J. (2016). The first implementation of respiratory triggered 4DCBCT on a linear accelerator. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(9), 3488-3499. [More Information]
  • Yamamoto, T., Kabus, S., Bal, M., Keall, P., Benedict, S., Daly, M. (2016). The first patient treatment of computed tomography ventilation functional image-guided radiotherapy for lung cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 118(2), 227-231. [More Information]
  • Booth, J., Caillet, V., Hardcastle, N., O'Brien, R., Szymura, K., Crasta, C., Harris, B., Haddad, C., Eade, T., Keall, P. (2016). The first patient treatment of electromagnetic-guided real time adaptive radiotherapy using MLC tracking for lung SABR. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 121(1), 19-25. [More Information]
  • Yang, J., Yamamoto, T., Pollock, S., Berger, J., Diehn, M., Graves, E., Loo Jr, B., Keall, P. (2016). The impact of audiovisual biofeedback on 4D functional and anatomic imaging: Results of a lung cancer pilot study. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 120(2), 267-272. [More Information]
  • Pollock, S., Kipritidis, J., Lee, D., Bernatowicz, K., Keall, P. (2016). The impact of breathing guidance and prospective gating during thoracic 4DCT imaging: An XCAT study utilizing lung cancer patient motion. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(17), 6485-6501. [More Information]
  • Ipsen, S., Blanck, O., Lowther, N., Liney, G., Rai, R., Bode, F., Dunst, J., Schweikard, A., Keall, P. (2016). Towards real-time MRI-guided 3D localization of deforming targets for non-invasive cardiac radiosurgery. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(22), 7848-7863. [More Information]

2015

  • Pollock, S., O'Brien, R., Makhija, K., Hegi-Johnson, F., Ludbrook, J., Rezo, A., Tse, R., Eade, T., Yeghiaian-Alvandi, R., Gebski, V., Keall, P. (2015). Audiovisual biofeedback breathing guidance for lung cancer patients receiving radiotherapy: A multi-institutional phase II randomised clinical trial. BMC Cancer, 15(1), 1-8. [More Information]
  • Pollock, S., Keall, R., Keall, P. (2015). Breathing guidance in radiation oncology and radiology: A systematic review of patient and healthy volunteer studies. Medical Physics, 42(9), 5490-5509. [More Information]
  • Wallace, D., Ng, J., Keall, P., O'Brien, R., Poulsen, P., Juneja, P., Booth, J. (2015). Determining appropriate imaging parameters for kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring: an experimental phantom study. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 60(12), 4835-4847. [More Information]
  • Pollock, S., Tse, R., Martin, D., McLean, L., Cho, G., Hill, R., Pickard, S., Aston, P., Huang, C., Makhija, K., O'Brien, R., Keall, P. (2015). First clinical implementation of audiovisual biofeedback in liver cancer stereotactic body radiation therapy. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 59(5), 654-656. [More Information]
  • Shieh, C., Kipritidis, J., O'Brien, R., Cooper, B., Kuncic, Z., Keall, P. (2015). Improving thoracic four-dimensional cone-beam CT reconstruction with anatomical-adaptive image regularization (AAIR). Physics in Medicine and Biology, 60(2), 841-868. [More Information]
  • Petasecca, M., Newall, M., Booth, J., Duncan, M., Aldosari, A., Fuduli, I., Espinoza, A., Porumb, C., Guatelli, S., Metcalfe, P., Colvill, E., Keall, P., et al (2015). MagicPlate-512: A 2D silicon detector array for quality assurance of stereotactic motion adaptive radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 42(6), 2992-3004. [More Information]
  • Shieh, C., Keall, P., Kuncic, Z., Huang, C., Feain, I. (2015). Markerless tumor tracking using short kilovoltage imaging arcs for lung image-guided radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 60(24), 9437-9454. [More Information]
  • Kipritidis, J., Hugo, G., Weiss, E., Williamson, J., Keall, P. (2015). Measuring interfraction and intrafraction lung function changes during radiation therapy using four-dimensional cone beam CT ventilation imaging. Medical Physics, 42(3), 1255-1267. [More Information]
  • Ruan, D., Keall, P., Sawant, A. (2015). Method and System for Real-Time DMLC-based Target tracking with Opt Motion Compens' Leaf Adaptation. Patent No. 8971489.
  • Colvill, E., Booth, J., O'Brien, R., Eade, T., Kneebone, A., Poulsen, P., Keall, P. (2015). Multileaf Collimator Tracking Improves Dose Delivery for Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy: Results of the First Clinical Trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 92(5), 1141-1147. [More Information]
  • Juneja, P., Kneebone, A., Booth, J., Thwaites, D., Kaur, R., Colvill, E., Ng, J., Keall, P., Eade, T. (2015). Prostate motion during radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients with and without application of a hydrogel spacer: a comparative study. Radiation Oncology, 10, 1-6. [More Information]
  • Oborn, B., Dowdell, S., Metcalfe, P., Crozier, S., Mohan, R., Keall, P. (2015). Proton beam deflection in MRI fields: Implications for MRI-guided proton therapy. Medical Physics, 42(5), 2113-2124. [More Information]
  • Paganelli, C., Lee, D., Greer, P., Baroni, G., Riboldi, M., Keall, P. (2015). Quantification of lung tumor rotation with automated landmark extraction using orthogonal cine MRI images. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 60(18), 7165-7178. [More Information]
  • Cooper, B., O'Brien, R., Kipritidis, J., Shieh, C., Keall, P. (2015). Quantifying the image quality and dose reduction of respiratory triggered 4D cone-beam computed tomography with patient-measured breathing. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 60(24), 9493-9513. [More Information]
  • Bernatowicz, K., Keall, P., Mishra, P., Knopf, A., Lomax, A., Kipritidis, J. (2015). Quantifying the impact of respiratory-gated 4D CT acquisition on thoracic image quality: a digital phantom study. Medical Physics, 42(1), 324-334. [More Information]
  • Huang, C., Nasehi Tehrani, J., Ng, J., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2015). Six Degrees-of-Freedom Prostate and Lung Tumor Motion Measurements Using Kilovoltage Intrafraction Monitoring. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 91(2), 368-375. [More Information]
  • Ge, Y., Booth, J., Colvill, E., O'Brien, R., Keall, P. (2015). SU-E-J-57: First Development of Adapting to Intrafraction Relative Motion Between Prostate and Pelvic Lymph Nodes Targets. Medical Physics, 42(6), 3276. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Ng, J., O'Brien, R., Colvill, E., Huang, C., Poulsen, P., Flederlius, W., Juneja, P., Simpson, E., Bell, L., Booth, J., et al (2015). The first clinical treatment with kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring (KIM): A real-time image guidance method. Medical Physics, 42(1), 354-358. [More Information]
  • Eslick, E., Keall, P. (2015). The Nano-X Linear Accelerator: A Compact and Economical Cancer Radiotherapy System Incorporating Patient Rotation. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, 14(5), 565-572. [More Information]
  • Shieh, C., Huang, C., Keall, P., Feain, I. (2015). WE-AB-303-08: Direct Lung Tumor Tracking Using Short Imaging Arcs. Medical Physics, 42(6), 3657. [More Information]
  • Oborn, B., Ge, Y., Hardcastle, N., Metcalfe, P., Keall, P. (2015). WE-G-BRD-05: Inline Magnetic Fields Enhance Tumor Dose for Small Lung Cancers. Medical Physics, 42(6), 3689. [More Information]

2014

  • Constantin, D., Holloway, L., Keall, P., Fahrig, R. (2014). A novel electron gun for inline MRI-linac configurations. Medical Physics, 41(2), 1-10. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Greer, P., Arm, J., Keall, P., Kim, T. (2014). Audiovisual biofeedback improves image quality and reduces scan time for respiratory-gated 3D MRI. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 489(1), 1-4. [More Information]
  • Colvill, E., Poulsen, P., Booth, J., O'Brien, R., Ng, J., Keall, P. (2014). DMLC tracking and gating can improve dose coverage for prostate VMAT. Medical Physics, 41(9), 1-10. [More Information]
  • Lee, D., Pollock, S., Whelan, B., Keall, P., Kim, T. (2014). Dynamic keyhole: A novel method to improve MR images in the presence of respiratory motion for real-time MRI. Medical Physics, 41(7), 1-8. [More Information]
  • Oborn, B., Kolling, S., Metcalfe, P., Crozier, S., Litzenberg, D., Keall, P. (2014). Electron contamination modeling and reduction in a 1 T open bore inline MRI-linac system. Medical Physics, 41(5), 051708-1-051708-15. [More Information]
  • Ravkilde, T., Keall, P., Grau, C., Hoyer, M., Poulsen, P. (2014). Fast motion-including dose error reconstruction for VMAT with and without MLC tracking. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 59(23), 7279-7296. [More Information]
  • Shieh, C., Kipritidis, J., O'Brien, R., Kuncic, Z., Keall, P. (2014). Image quality in thoracic 4D cone-beam CT: a sensitivity analysis of respiratory signal, binning method, reconstruction algorithm, and projection angular spacing. Medical Physics, 41(4), 041912-1-041912-18. [More Information]
  • Suh, Y., Murray, W., Keall, P. (2014). IMRT Treatment Planning on 4D Geometries for the Era of Dynamic MLC Tracking. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, 13(6), 505-515. [More Information]
  • Sawant, A., Keall, P., Butts Pauly, K., Alley, M., Vasanawala, S., Loo, B., Hinkle, J., Joshi, S. (2014). Investigating the feasibility of rapid MRI for image-guided motion management in lung cancer radiotherapy. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-7. [More Information]
  • Kolling, S., Oborn, B., Keall, P., Horvat, J. (2014). Magnetization curves of sintered heavy tungsten alloys for applications in MRI-guided radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 41(6), 061707-1-061707-6. [More Information]
  • Falk, M., Pommer, T., Keall, P., Korreman, S., Persson, G., Poulsen, P., af Rosenschold, P. (2014). Motion management during IMAT treatment of mobile lung tumors-A comparison of MLC tracking and gated delivery. Medical Physics, 41(10), 1-8. [More Information]
  • Kim, T., Kim, S., Park, Y., Youn, K., Keall, P., Lee, R. (2014). Motion management within two respiratory-gating windows: feasibility study of dual quasi-breath-hold technique in gated medical procedures. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 59(21), 6583-6594. [More Information]
  • O'Brien, R., Kipritidis, J., Shieh, C., Keall, P. (2014). Optimizing 4DCBCT projection allocation to respiratory bins. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 59(19), 5631-5649. [More Information]
  • Yamamoto, T., Kabus, S., Lorenz, C., Mittra, E., Hong, J., Chung, M., Eclov, N., To, J., Diehn, M., Loo, B., Keall, P. (2014). Pulmonary Ventilation Imaging Based on 4-Dimensional Computed Tomography: Comparison With Pulmonary Function Tests and SPECT Ventilation Images. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 90(2), 414-422. [More Information]
  • Ng, J., Booth, J., O'Brien, R., Colvill, E., Huang, C., Poulsen, P., Keall, P. (2014). Quality assurance for the clinical implementation of kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring for prostate cancer VMAT. Medical Physics, 41(11), 111712-1-111712-9. [More Information]
  • Ipsen, S., Blanck, O., Oborn, B., Bode, F., Liney, G., Hunold, P., Rades, D., Schweikard, A., Keall, P. (2014). Radiotherapy beyond cancer: Target localization in real-time MRI and treatment planning for cardiac radiosurgery. Medical Physics, 41(12), 1-8. [More Information]
  • Bryant, J., Rottmann, J., Lewis, J., Mishra, P., Keall, P., Berbeco, R. (2014). Registration of clinical volumes to beams-eye-view images for real-time tracking. Medical Physics, 41(12), 1-9. [More Information]
  • O'Brien, R., Cooper, B., Kipritidis, J., Shieh, C., Keall, P. (2014). Respiratory motion guided four dimensional cone beam computed tomography: Encompassing irregular breathing. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 59(3), 579-595. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Barton, M., Crozier, S. (2014). The Australian Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Linac Program. Seminars in Radiation Oncology, 24(3), 203-206. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Colvill, E., O'Brien, R., Ng, J., Poulsen, P., Eade, T., Kneebone, A., Booth, J. (2014). The first clinical implementation of electromagnetic transponder-guided MLC tracking. Medical Physics, 41(2), 020702-1-020702-5. [More Information]
  • Steel, H., Pollock, S., Lee, D., Keall, P., Kim, T. (2014). The internal-external respiratory motion correlation is unaffected by audiovisual biofeedback. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 37(1), 97-102. [More Information]
  • Yang, J., Yamamoto, T., Mazin, S., Graves, E., Keall, P. (2014). The potential of positron emission tomography for intratreatment dynamic lung tumor tracking: a phantom study. Medical Physics, 41(2), 021718-1-021718-14. [More Information]
  • Ge, Y., O'Brien, R., Shieh, C., Booth, J., Keall, P. (2014). Toward the development of intrafraction tumor deformation tracking using a dynamic multi-leaf collimator. Medical Physics, 41(6), 061703-1-061703-10. [More Information]
  • Kipritidis, J., Siva, S., Hofman, M., Callahan, J., Hicks, R., Keall, P. (2014). Validating and improving CT ventilation imaging by correlating with ventilation 4D-PET/CT using 68Ga-labeled nanoparticles. Medical Physics, 41(1), 011910-1-011910-12. [More Information]

2013

  • Yamamoto, T., Kabus, S., Lorenz, C., Johnston, E., Maxim, P., Diehn, M., Eclov, N., Barquero, C., Loo, Jr., B., Keall, P. (2013). 4D CT lung ventilation images are affected by the 4D CT sorting method. Medical Physics, 40(10), 1-9. [More Information]
  • Pollock, S., Lee, D., Keall, P., Kim, T. (2013). Audiovisual biofeedback improves motion prediction accuracy. Medical Physics, 40(4), 041705-1-041705-9. [More Information]
  • Pommer, T., Falk, M., Poulsen, P., Keall, P., O'Brien, R., Petersen, P., af Rosenschold, P. (2013). Dosimetric benefit of DMLC tracking for conventional and sub-volume boosted prostate intensity-modulated arc radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(7), 2349-2361. [More Information]
  • Ng, J., Booth, J., Poulsen, P., Kuncic, Z., Keall, P. (2013). Estimation of effective imaging dose for kilovoltage intratreatment monitoring of the prostate position during cancer radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(17), 5983-5996. [More Information]
  • Balik, S., Weiss, E., Jan, N., Roman, N., Sleeman, W., Fatyga, M., Christensen, G., Zhang, C., Murphy, M., Lu, J., Keall, P., et al (2013). Evaluation of 4-dimensional Computed Tomography to 4-dimensional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Deformable Image Registration for Lung Cancer Adaptive Radiation Therapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 86(2), 372-379. [More Information]
  • Kolling, S., Oborn, B., Keall, P. (2013). Impact of the MLC on the MRI field distortion of a prototype MRI-linac. Medical Physics, 40(12), 121705-1-121705-10. [More Information]
  • Rottman, J., Keall, P., Berbeco, R. (2013). Markerless EPID image guided dynamic multi-leaf collimator tracking for lung tumors. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(12), 4195-4204. [More Information]
  • O'Brien, R., Cooper, B., Keall, P. (2013). Optimizing 4D cone beam computed tomography acquisition by varying the gantry velocity and projection time interval. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(6), 1705-1723. [More Information]
  • Nasehi Tehrani, J., O'Brien, R., Poulsen, P., Keall, P. (2013). Real-time estimation of prostate tumor rotation and translation with a kV imaging system based on an iterative closest point algorithm. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(23), 8517-8533. [More Information]
  • Rottmann, J., Keall, P., Berbeco, R. (2013). Real-time soft tissue motion estimation for lung tumors during radiotherapy delivery. Medical Physics, 40(9), 091713-1-091713-7. [More Information]
  • Cooper, B., O'Brien, R., Balik, S., Hugo, G., Keall, P. (2013). Respiratory triggered 4D cone-beam computed tomography: A novel method to reduce imaging dose. Medical Physics, 40(4), 041901-1-041901-9. [More Information]
  • Pommer, T., Falk, M., Poulsen, P., Keall, P., O'Brien, R., af Rosenschold, P. (2013). The impact of leaf width and plan complexity on DMLC tracking of prostate intensity modulated arc therapy. Medical Physics, 40(11), 111717-1-111717-6. [More Information]
  • Bjerre, T., Crijns, S., af Rosenschold, P., Aznar, M., Specht, L., Larsen, R., Keall, P. (2013). Three-dimensional MRI-linac intra-fraction guidance using multiple orthogonal cine-MRI planes. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(14), 4943-4950. [More Information]
  • Ravkilde, T., Keall, P., Grau, C., Hoyer, M., Poulsen, P. (2013). Time-resolved dose distributions to moving targets during volumetric modulated arc therapy with and without dynamic MLC tracking. Medical Physics, 40(11), 111723-1-111723-8. [More Information]
  • Ravkilde, T., Keall, P., Grau, C., Hoyer, M., Poulsen, P. (2013). Time-resolved dose reconstruction by motion encoding of volumetric modulated arc therapy fields delivered with and without dynamic multi-leaf collimator tracking. Acta Oncologica, 52(7), 1497-1503. [More Information]

2012

  • Poulsen, P., Schmidt, M., Keall, P., Worm, E., Fledelius, W., Hoffmann, L. (2012). A method of dose reconstruction for moving targets compatible with dynamic treatments. Medical Physics, 39(10), 6237-6246. [More Information]
  • Kim, T., Pollock, S., Lee, D., O'Brien, R., Keall, P. (2012). Audiovisual biofeedback improves diaphragm motion reproducibility in MRI. Medical Physics, 39(11), 6921-6928. [More Information]
  • Wu, J., Ruan, D., Cho, B., Sawant, A., Petersen, J., Newell, L., Cattell, H., Keall, P. (2012). Electromagnetic Detection and Real-Time DMLC Adaptation to Target Rotation During Radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 82(3), e545-e553. [More Information]
  • Oborn, B., Metcalfe, P., Butson, M., Rosenfeld, A., Keall, P. (2012). Electron contamination modeling and skin dose in 6 MV longitudinal field MRIgRT: Impact of the MRI and MRI fringe field. Medical Physics, 39(2), 874-890. [More Information]
  • Cho, B., Poulsen, P., Ruan, D., Sawant, A., Keall, P. (2012). Experimental investigation of a general real-time 3D target localization method using sequential kV imaging combined with respiratory monitoring. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 57(22), 7395-7407. [More Information]
  • Poulsen, P., Fledelius, W., Cho, B., Keall, P. (2012). Image-Based Dynamic Multileaf Collimator Tracking of Moving Targets During Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 83(2), e265-e271. [More Information]
  • Ng, J., Booth, J., Poulsen, P., Fledelius, W., Worm, E., Eade, T., Hegi-Johnson, F., Kneebone, A., Kuncic, Z., Keall, P. (2012). Kilovoltage intrafraction monitoring for prostate intensity modulated arc therapy: First clinical results. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 84(5), e655-e661. [More Information]
  • Crocker, J., Ng, J., Keall, P., Booth, J. (2012). Measurement of patient imaging dose for real-time kilovoltage x-ray intrafraction tumour position monitoring in prostate patients. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 57(10), 2969-2980. [More Information]
  • Poulsen, P., Carl, J., Nielsen, J., Nielsen, M., Thomsen, J., Jensen, H., Kjaergaard, B., Zepernick, P., Worm, E., Fledelius, W., Keall, P., et al (2012). Megavoltage Image-Based Dynamic Multileaf Collimator Tracking of a NiTi Stent in Porcine Lungs on a Linear Accelerator. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 82(2), e321-e327. [More Information]
  • Yamamoto, T., Kabus, S., von Berg, J., Lorenz, C., Chung, M., Hong, J., Loo, B., Keall, P. (2012). Reproducibility of four-dimensional computed tomography-based lung ventilation imaging. Academic Radiology, 19(12), 1554-1565. [More Information]
  • Falk, M., Larsson, T., Keall, P., Chul Cho, B., Aznar, M., Korreman, S., Poulsen, P., af Rosenschold, P. (2012). The dosimetric impact of inversely optimized arc radiotherapy plan modulation for real-time dynamic MLC tracking delivery. Medical Physics, 39(3), 1588-1594. [More Information]
  • Yang, J., Yamamoto, T., Cho, B., Seo, Y., Keall, P. (2012). The impact of audio-visual biofeedback on 4D PET images: Results of a phantom study. Medical Physics, 39(2), 1046-1057. [More Information]

2011

  • Poulsen, P., Fledelius, W., Keall, P., Weiss, E., Lu, J., Brackbill, E., Hugo, G. (2011). A method for robust segmentation of arbitrarily shaped radiopaque structures in cone-beam CT projections. Medical Physics, 38(4), 2151-2156. [More Information]
  • Constantin, D., Fahrig, R., Keall, P. (2011). A study of the effect of in-line and perpendicular magnetic fields on beam characteristics of electron guns in medical linear accelerators. Medical Physics, 38(7), 4174-4185. [More Information]
  • Ruan, D., Keall, P. (2011). Dynamic multileaf collimator control for motion adaptive radiotherapy: an optimization approach. 2011 IEEE Power Engineering and Automation Conference (PEAM 2011), Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Sawant, A., Cho, B., Ruan, D., Wu, J., Poulsen, P., Petersen, J., Newell, L., Cattell, H., Korreman, S. (2011). Electromagnetic-Guided Dynamic Multileaf Collimator Tracking Enables Motion Management for Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 79(1), 312-320. [More Information]
  • Yoon, J., Sawant, A., Suh, Y., Cho, B., Suh, T., Keall, P. (2011). Experimental investigation of a moving averaging algorithm for motion perpendicular to the leaf travel direction in dynamic MLC target tracking. Medical Physics, 38(7), 3924-3931. [More Information]
  • Yamamoto, T., Kabus, S., Klinder, T., von Berg, J., Lorenz, C., Loo, Jr., B., Keall, P. (2011). Four-dimensional computed tomography pulmonary ventilation images vary with deformable image registration algorithms and metrics. Medical Physics, 38(3), 1348-1358. [More Information]
  • Ravkilde, T., Keall, P., Hojbjerre, K., Fledelius, W., Worm, E., Poulsen, P. (2011). Geometric accuracy of dynamic MLC tracking with an implantable wired electromagnetic transponder. Acta Oncologica, 50(6), 944-951. [More Information]
  • Carlson, D., Keall, P., Loo, B., Chen, Z., Brown, J. (2011). Hypofractionation results in reduced tumor cell kill compared to conventional fractionation for tumors with regions of hypoxia. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 79(4), 1188-1195. [More Information]
  • Yamamoto, T., Kabus, S., von Berg, J., Lorenz, C., Keall, P. (2011). Impact of Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Pulmonary Ventilation Imaging-Based Functional Avoidance for Lung Cancer Radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 79(1), 279-288. [More Information]
  • Yamamoto, T., Kabus, S., Klinder, T., Lorenz, C., von Berg, J., Blaffert, T., Loo Jr, B., Keall, P. (2011). Investigation of four-dimensional computed tomography-based pulmonary ventilation imaging in patients with emphysematous lung regions. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 56(7), 2279-2298. [More Information]
  • Keall, P. (2011). Locating and targeting moving tumors with radiation beams. Frontiers of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, 43, 118-131. [More Information]
  • Constantin, M., Perl, J., LoSasso, T., Salop, A., Whittum, D., Narula, A., Svatos, M., Keall, P. (2011). Modeling the truebeam linac using a CAD to Geant4 geometry implementation: dose and IAEA-compliant phase space calculations. Medical Physics, 38(7), 4018-4024. [More Information]
  • Cho, B., Poulsen, P., Sawant, A., Ruan, D., Keall, P. (2011). Real-Time Target Position Estimation Using Stereoscopic Kilovoltage/Megavoltage Imaging and External Respiratory Monitoring for Dynamic Multileaf Collimator Tracking. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 79(1), 269-278. [More Information]
  • Fledelius, W., Keall, P., Cho, B., Yang, X., Morf, D., Scheib, S., Poulsen, P. (2011). Tracking latency in image-based dynamic MLC tracking with direct image access. Acta Oncologica, 50(6), 952-959. [More Information]

2010

  • Zhou, H., Rodriguez, M., Van Den Haak, F., Nelson, G., Jogani, R., Xu, J., Zhu, X., Xian, Y., Tran, P., Felsher, D., Keall, P., et al (2010). Development of a Micro-Computed Tomography-Based Image-Guided Conformal Radiotherapy System for Small Animals. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 78(1), 297-305. [More Information]
  • Poulsen, P., Cho, B., Ruan, D., Sawant, A., Keall, P. (2010). Dynamic Multileaf Collimator Tracking of Respiratory Target Motion Based on a Single Kilovoltage Imager During Arc Radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 77(2), 600-607. [More Information]
  • Poulsen, P., Cho, B., Sawant, A., Keall, P. (2010). Implementation of a new method for dynamic multileaf collimator tracking of prostate motion in arc radiotherapy using a single kV imager. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 76(3), 914-923. [More Information]
  • Motomura, A., Bazalova, M., Zhou, H., Keall, P., Graves, E. (2010). Investigation of the effects of treatment planning variables in small animal radiotherapy dose distributions. Medical Physics, 37(2), 590-599. [More Information]
  • Constantin, M., Constantin, D., Keall, P., Narula, A., Svatos, M., Perl, J. (2010). Linking computer-aided design (CAD) to Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulations for precise implementation of complex treatment head geometries. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 55(8), N211-N220. [More Information]
  • Ruan, D., Keall, P. (2010). Online prediction of respiratory motion: multidimensional processing with low-dimensional feature learning. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 55(11), 3011-3025. [More Information]
  • Langner, U., Keall, P. (2010). Quantification of artifact reduction with real-time cine four-dimensional computed tomography acquisition methods. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 76(4), 1242-1250. [More Information]
  • Falk, M., af Rosenschold, P., Keall, P., Cho, B., Poulsen, P., Povzner, S., Sawant, A., Zimmerman, J., Korreman, S. (2010). Real-time dynamic MLC tracking for inversely optimized arc radiotherapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 94(2), 218-223. [More Information]
  • Cho, B., Poulsen, P., Keall, P. (2010). Real-time tumor tracking using sequential kV imaging combined with respiratory monitoring: a general framework applicable to commonly used IGRT systems. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 55(12), 3299-3316. [More Information]

2009

  • Zhou, H., Keall, P., Graves, E. (2009). A bone composition model for Monte Carlo x-ray transport simulations. Medical Physics, 36(3), 1008-1018. [More Information]
  • Langner, U., Keall, P. (2009). Accuracy in the localization of thoracic and abdominal tumors using respiratory displacement, velocity, and phase. Medical Physics, 36(2), 386-393. [More Information]
  • Rodriguez, M., Zhou, H., Keall, P., Graves, E. (2009). Commissioning of a novel microCT/RT system for small animal conformal radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54(12), 3727-3740. [More Information]
  • Jabbari, K., Keall, P., Seuntjens, J. (2009). Considerations and limitations of fast Monte Carlo electron transport in radiation therapy based on precalculated data. Medical Physics, 36(2), 530-540. [More Information]
  • Zimmerman, J., Korreman, S., Persson, G., Cattell, H., Svatos, M., Sawant, A., Venkat, R., Carlson, D., Keall, P. (2009). DMLC motion tracking of moving targets for intensity modulated arc therapy treatment - a feasibility study. Acta Oncologica, 48(2), 245-250. [More Information]
  • Keall, P. (2009). Evolving technological changes and the impact on our profession. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 32(3), x-xi. [More Information]
  • Cho, B., Poulsen, P., Sloutsky, A., Sawant, A., Keall, P. (2009). First demonstration of combined kV/MV image-guided real-time dynamic multileaf-collimator target tracking. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 74(3), 859-867. [More Information]
  • Suh, Y., Sawant, A., Venkat, R., Keall, P. (2009). Four-dimensional IMRT treatment planning using a DMLC motion-tracking algorithm. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54(12), 3821-3835. [More Information]
  • Ma, Y., Lee, L., Keshet, O., Keall, P., Xing, L. (2009). Four-dimensional inverse treatment planning with inclusion of implanted fiducials in IMRT segmented fields. Medical Physics, 36(6), 2215-2221. [More Information]
  • Smith, R., Sawant, A., Santanam, L., Venkat, R., Newell, L., Cho, B., Poulsen, P., Cattell, H., Keall, P., Parikh, P. (2009). Integration of real-time internal electromagnetic position monitoring coupled with dynamic multileaf collimator tracking: an intensity-modulated radiation therapy feasibility study. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 74(3), 868-875. [More Information]
  • Bazalova, M., Zhou, H., Keall, P., Graves, E. (2009). Kilovoltage beam Monte Carlo dose calculations in submillimeter voxels for small animal radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 36(11), 4991-4999. [More Information]
  • Dogan, N., Mihaylov, I., Wu, Y., Keall, P., Siebers, J., Hagan, M. (2009). Monte Carlo dose verification of prostate patients treated with simultaneous integrated boost intensity modulated radiation therapy. Radiation Oncology, 4, 1-17. [More Information]
  • Ruan, D., Fessler, J., Balter, J., Keall, P. (2009). Real-time profiling of respiratory motion: baseline drift, frequency variation and fundamental pattern change. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54(15), 4777-4792. [More Information]
  • Sawant, A., Smith, R., Venkat, R., Santanam, L., Cho, B., Poulsen, P., Cattell, H., Newell, L., Parikh, P., Keall, P. (2009). Toward submillimeter accuracy in the management of intrafraction motion: the integration of real-time internal position monitoring and multileaf collimator target tracking. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 74(2), 575-582. [More Information]

2008

  • Suh, Y., Weiss, E., Zhong, H., Fatyga, M., Siebers, J., Keall, P. (2008). A deliverable four-dimensional intensity-modulated radiation therapy-planning method for dynamic multileaf collimator tumor tracking delivery. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 71(5), 1526-1536. [More Information]
  • Poulsen, P., Cho, B., Keall, P. (2008). A method to estimate mean position, motion magnitude, motion correlation, and trajectory of a tumor from cone-beam CT projections for image-guided radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 72(5), 1587-1596. [More Information]
  • Cho, B., Suh, Y., Dieterich, S., Keall, P. (2008). A monoscopic method for real-time tumour tracking using combined occasional x-ray imaging and continuous respiratory monitoring. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(11), 2837-2855. [More Information]
  • Luxton, G., Keall, P., King, C. (2008). A new formula for normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) as a function of equivalent uniform dose (EUD). Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(1), 23-36. [More Information]
  • Suh, Y., Dieterich, S., Cho, B., Keall, P. (2008). An analysis of thoracic and abdominal tumour motion for stereotactic body radiotherapy patients. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(13), 3623-3640. [More Information]
  • Yorke, E., Keall, P., Verhaegen, F. (2008). Anniversary paper: Role of medical physicists and the AAPM in improving geometric aspects of treatment accuracy and precision. Medical Physics, 35(3), 828-839. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Wijesooriya, K., Ramakrishnan, V., Keall, P. (2008). Comparison of intensity-modulated radiotherapy planning based on manual and automatically generated contours using deformable image registration in four-dimensional computed tomography of lung cancer patients. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 70(2), 572-581.e2. [More Information]
  • Venkat, R., Sawant, A., Suh, Y., George, R., Keall, P. (2008). Development and preliminary evaluation of a prototype audiovisual biofeedback device incorporating a patient-specific guiding waveform. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(11), N197-N208. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Wijesooriya, K., Keall, P. (2008). Esophagus and spinal cord motion relative to GTV motion in four-dimensional CTs of lung cancer patients. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 87(1), 44-48. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Chang, M., Benedict, S., Thames, H., Vedam, S., Lin, P. (2008). Investigating the temporal effects of respiratory-gated and intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment delivery on in vitro survival: an experimental and theoretical study. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 71(5), 1547-1552. [More Information]
  • Dieterich, S., Cleary, K., D’Souza, W., Murphy, M., Wong, K., Keall, P. (2008). Locating and targeting moving tumors with radiation beams. Medical Physics, 35(12), 5684-5694. [More Information]
  • Sawant, A., Venkat, R., Srivastava, V., Carlson, D., Povzner, S., Cattell, H., Keall, P. (2008). Management of three-dimensional intrafraction motion through real-time DMLC tracking. Medical Physics, 35(5), 2050-2061. [More Information]
  • George, R., Suh, Y., Murphy, M., Williamson, J., Weiss, E., Keall, P. (2008). On the accuracy of a moving average algorithm for target tracking during radiation therapy treatment delivery. Medical Physics, 35(6), 2356-2365. [More Information]
  • Langner, U., Keall, P. (2008). Prospective displacement and velocity-based cine 4D CT. Medical Physics, 35(10), 4501-4512. [More Information]
  • Wijesooriya, K., Weiss, E., Dill, V., Dong, L., Mohan, R., Joshi, S., Keall, P. (2008). Quantifying the accuracy of automated structure segmentation in 4D CT images using a deformable image registration algorithm. Medical Physics, 35(4), 1251-1260. [More Information]
  • Yamamoto, T., Langner, U., Loo, B., Shen, J., Keall, P. (2008). Retrospective analysis of artifacts in four-dimensional CT images of 50 abdominal and thoracic radiotherapy patients. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 72(4), 1250-1258. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Arief, I., Shamas, S., Weiss, E., Castle, S. (2008). The development and investigation of a prototype three-dimensional compensator for whole brain radiation therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(9), 2267-2276. [More Information]
  • Poulsen, P., Cho, B., Langen, K., Kupelian, P., Keall, P. (2008). Three-dimensional prostate position estimation with a single x-ray imager utilizing the spatial probability density. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 53(16), 4331-4353. [More Information]

2007

  • Keall, P., Lauve, A., Hagan, M., Siebers, J. (2007). A strategy to correct for intrafraction target translation in conformal prostate radiotherapy: simulation results. Medical Physics, 34(6), 1944-1951. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Siebers, J., Keall, P. (2007). An analysis of 6-MV versus 18-MV photon energy plans for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) of lung cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 82(1), 55-62. [More Information]
  • Xing, L., Siebers, J., Keall, P. (2007). Computational Challenges for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy: Framework and Current Research. Seminars in Radiation Oncology. [More Information]
  • Graves, E., Zhou, H., Chatterjee, R., Keall, P., Gambhir, S., Contag, C., Boyer, A. (2007). Design and evaluation of a variable aperture collimator for conformal radiotherapy of small animals using a microCT scanner. Medical Physics, 34(11), 4359-4367. [More Information]
  • Suh, Y., Dieterich, S., Keall, P. (2007). Geometric uncertainty of 2D projection imaging in monitoring 3D tumor motion. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 52(12), 3439-3454. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Ramakrishnan, V., Keall, P. (2007). Is there a selection bias in radiotherapy dose-escalation protocols? International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 68(5), 1359-1365. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Webb, S. (2007). Optimum parameters in a model for tumour control probability, including interpatient heterogeneity: evaluation of the log-normal distribution. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 52(1), 291-302. [More Information]
  • Heath, E., Collins, D., Keall, P., Dong, L., Seuntjens, J. (2007). Quantification of accuracy of the automated nonlinear image matching and anatomical labeling (ANIMAL) nonlinear registration algorithm for 4D CT images of lung. Medical Physics, 34(11), 4409-4421. [More Information]
  • Chetty, I., Curran, B., Cygler, J., DeMarco, J., Ezzell, G., Faddegon, B., Kawrakow, I., Keall, P., Liu, H., Ma, C., et al (2007). Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning. Medical Physics, 34(12), 4818-4853. [More Information]
  • Li, X., Keall, P., Orton, C. (2007). Respiratory gating for radiation therapy is not ready for prime time. Medical Physics, 34(3), 867-870. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Vedam, S., George, R., Williamson, J. (2007). Respiratory regularity gated 4D CT acquisition: concepts and proof of principle. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 30(3), 211-220. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Wijesooriya, K., Dill, V., Keall, P. (2007). Tumor and normal tissue motion in the thorax during respiration: Analysis of volumetric and positional variations using 4D CT. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 67(1), 296-307. [More Information]

2006

  • George, R., Chung, T., Vedam, S., Ramakrishnan, V., Mohan, R., Weiss, E., Keall, P. (2006). Audio-visual biofeedback for respiratory-gated radiotherapy: impact of audio instruction and audio-visual biofeedback on respiratory-gated radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 65(3), 924-933. [More Information]
  • Dogan, N., Siebers, J., Keall, P. (2006). Clinical comparison of head and neck and prostate IMRT plans using absorbed dose to medium and absorbed dose to water. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51(19), 4967-4980. [More Information]
  • Fitzpatrick, M., Starkschall, G., Antolak, J., Fu, J., Shukla, H., Keall, P., Klahr, P., Mohan, R. (2006). Displacement-based binning of time-dependent computed tomography image data sets. Medical Physics, 33(1), 235-246. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Cattell, H., Pokhrel, D., Dieterich, S., Wong, K., Murphy, M., Vedam, S., Wijesooriya, K., Mohan, R. (2006). Geometric accuracy of a real-time target tracking system with dynamic multileaf collimator tracking system. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 65(5), 1579-1584. [More Information]
  • Dogan, N., Siebers, J., Keall, P., Lerma, F., Wu, Y., Fatyga, M., Williamson, J., Schmidt-Ullrich, R. (2006). Improving IMRT dose accuracy via deliverable Monte Carlo optimization for the treatment of head and neck cancer patients. Medical Physics, 33(1), 4033-4043. [More Information]
  • George, R., Ramakrishnan, V., Siebers, J., Chung, T., Keall, P. (2006). Investigation of patient, tumour and treatment variables affecting residual motion for respiratory-gated radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51(20), 5305-5319. [More Information]
  • Sakthi, N., Keall, P., Mihaylov, I., Wu, Q., Wu, Y., Williamson, J., Schmidt-Ullrich, R., Siebers, J. (2006). Monte Carlo-based dosimetry of head-and-neck patients treated with SIB-IMRT. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 64(3), 968-977. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Vedam, S., George, R., Bartee, C., Siebers, J., Lerma, F., Weiss, E., Chung, T. (2006). The clinical implementation of respiratory-gated intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Medical Dosimetry, 31(2), 152-162. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Mageras, G., Balter, J., Emery, R., Forster, K., Jiang, S., Kapatoes, J., Low, D., Murphy, M., Murray, B. (2006). The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76. Medical Physics, 33(10), 3874-3900. [More Information]

2005

  • Fitzpatrick, M., Starkschall, G., Balter, P., Antolak, J., Guerrero, T., Nelson, C., Keall, P., Mohan, R. (2005). A novel platform simulating irregular motion to enhance assessment of respiration-correlated radiation therapy procedures. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 6(1), 13-21.
  • Wijesooriya, K., Bartee, C., Siebers, J., Vedam, S., Keall, P. (2005). Determination of maximum leaf velocity and acceleration of a dynamic multileaf collimator: Implications for 4D radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 32(4), 932-941. [More Information]
  • Vedam, S., Docef, A., Fix, M., Murphy, M., Keall, P. (2005). Dosimetric impact of geometric errors due to respiratory motion prediction on dynamic multileaf collimator-based four-dimensional radiation delivery. Medical Physics. [More Information]
  • Siebers, J., Keall, P., Wu, Q., Williamson, J., Schmidt-Ullrich, R. (2005). Effect of patient setup errors on simultaneously integrated boost head and neck IMRT treatment plans. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 63(2), 422-433. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Joshi, S., Vedam, S., Siebers, J., Kini, V., Mohan, R. (2005). Four-dimensional radiotherapy planning for DMLC-based respiratory motion tracking. Medical Physics, 32(4), 942-951. [More Information]
  • George, R., Keall, P., Kini, V., Vedam, S., Ramakrishnan, V., Mohan, R. (2005). Is the diaphragm motion probability density function normally distributed? Medical Physics, 32(2), 396-404. [More Information]
  • Weiss, E., Vorwerk, H., Keall, P., Pradier, O., Christiansen, H., Hille, A., Hess, C. (2005). Letter to the editor concerning Senan et al. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 72(3), 346-347. [More Information]
  • Fix, M., Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2005). Photon-beam subsource sensitivity to the initial electron-beam parameters. Medical Physics, 32(4), 1164-1175. [More Information]
  • Venning, A., Nitschke, K., Keall, P., Baldock, C. (2005). Radiological properties of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters. Medical Physics, 32(4), 1047-1053. [More Information]
  • Papiez, L., Rangaraj, D., Keall, P. (2005). Real-time DMLC IMRT delivery for mobile and deforming targets. Medical Physics, 32(9), 3037-3048. [More Information]
  • George, R., Vedam, S., Chung, T., Ramakrishnan, V., Keall, P. (2005). The application of the sinusoidal model to lung cancer patient respiratory motion. Medical Physics, 32(9), 2850-2861. [More Information]

2004

  • Keall, P. (2004). 4-dimensional computed tomography imaging and treatment planning. Seminars in Radiation Oncology, 14(1), 81-90. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Starkschall, G., Shukla, H., Forster, K., Ortiz, V., Stevens, C., Vedam, S., George, R., Guerrero, T., Mohan, R. (2004). Acquiring 4D thoracic CT scans using a multislice helical method. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 49(10), 2053-2067. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Siebers, J., Joshi, S., Mohan, R. (2004). Monte Carlo as a four-dimensional radiotherapy treatment-planning tool to account for respiratory motion. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 49(16), 3639-3648. [More Information]
  • Siebers, J., Kim, J., Ko, L., Keall, P., Mohan, R. (2004). Monte Carlo computation of dosimetric amorphous silicon electronic portal images. Medical Physics, 31(7), 2135-2146. [More Information]
  • Fix, M., Keall, P., Dawson, K., Siebers, J. (2004). Monte Carlo source model for photon beam radiotherapy: photon source characteristics. Medical Physics, 31(11), 3106-3121. [More Information]
  • Kang, S., Cho, B., Park, S., Park, H., Bae, H., Kim, J., Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2004). Monte Carlo-based treatment planning for a spoiler system with experimental validation using plane-parallel ionization chambers. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 49(22), 5145-5155. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Todor, A., Vedam, S., Bartee, C., Siebers, J., Kini, V., Mohan, R. (2004). On the use of EPID-based implanted marker tracking for 4D radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 31(12), 3492-3499. [More Information]
  • Vedam, S., Keall, P., Docef, A., Todor, D., Kini, V., Mohan, R. (2004). Predicting respiratory motion for four-dimensional radiotherapy. Medical Physics, 31(8), 2274-2283. [More Information]

2003

  • Vedam, S., Keall, P., Kini, V., Mostafavi, H., Shukla, H., Mohan, R. (2003). Acquiring a four-dimensional computed tomography dataset using an external respiratory signal. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 48(1), 45-62. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Williamson, J. (2003). Clinical evidence that more precisely defined dose distributions will improve cancer survival and decrease morbidity. Medical Physics, 30(6), 1281-1282. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Siebers, J., Libby, B., Mohan, R. (2003). Determining the incident electron fluence for Monte Carlo-based photon treatment planning using a standard measured data set. Medical Physics, 30(4), 574-582. [More Information]
  • Reft, C., Alecu, R., Das, I., Gerbi, B., Keall, P., Lief, E., Mijnheer, B., Papanikolaou, N., Sibata, C., Van Dyk, J. (2003). Dosimetric considerations for patients with HIP prostheses undergoing pelvic irradiation. Medical Physics, 30(6), 1162-1182. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Chock, L., Jeraj, R., Siebers, J., Mohan, R. (2003). Image reconstruction and the effect on dose calculation for hip prostheses. Medical Dosimetry, 28(2), 113-117. [More Information]
  • Kini, V., Vedam, S., Keall, P., Patil, S., Chen, C., Mohan, R. (2003). Patient training in respiratory-gated radiotherapy. Medical Dosimetry, 28(1), 7-11. [More Information]
  • George, R., Keall, P., Kini, V., Vedam, S., Siebers, J., Wu, Q., Lauterbach, M., Arthur, D., Mohan, R. (2003). Quantifying the effect of intrafraction motion during breast IMRT planning and dose delivery. Medical Physics, 30(4), 552-562. [More Information]
  • Vedam, S., Kini, V., Keall, P., Ramakrishnan, V., Mostafavi, H., Mohan, R. (2003). Quantifying the predictability of diaphragm motion during respiration with a noninvasive external marker. Medical Physics, 30(4), 505-513. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Siebers, J., Jeraj, R., Mohan, R. (2003). Radiotherapy dose calculations in the presence of hip prostheses. Medical Dosimetry, 28(2), 107-112. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Lammering, G., Lin, P., Winter, D., Chung, T., Mohan, R., Schmidt-Ullrich, R. (2003). Tumor control probability predictions for genetic radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation: Oncology - Biology - Physics, 57(1), 255-263. [More Information]

2002

  • Beckham, W., Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2002). A fluence-convolution method to calculate radiation therapy dose distributions that incorporate random set-up error. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47(19), 3465-3473. [More Information]
  • Siebers, J., Keall, P., Kim, J., Mohan, R. (2002). A method for photon beam Monte Carlo multileaf collimator particle transport. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47(17), 3225-3249. [More Information]
  • Liu, H., Keall, P., Hendee, W. (2002). Dm rather than Dw should be used in Monte Carlo treatment planning. Medical Physics, 29(5), 922-924. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2002). Dosimetric advantage of using 6 MV over 15 MV photons in conformal therapy of lung cancer: Monte Carlo studies in patient geometries. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 3(3), 260-260.
  • Siebers, J., Lauterbach, M., Keall, P., Mohan, R. (2002). Incorporating multi-leaf collimator leaf sequencing into iterative IMRT optimization. Medical Physics, 29(6), 952-959. [More Information]
  • Keall, P., Kini, V., Vedam, S., Mohan, R. (2002). Potential radiotherapy improvements with respiratory gating. Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 25(1), 1-6.
  • Jeraj, R., Keall, P., Siebers, J. (2002). The effect of dose calculation accuracy on inverse treatment planning. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 47(3), 391-407. [More Information]
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