Earthquake on a chip: harnessing sound waves on the surface of a microchip

• First time lasers used to make, control and detect high-frequency sound waves on chip surface
• Design will open door to devices in environmental sensing and information processing
• Stimulated Brillouin scattering technique used has application potential in 5G/6G networks

By containing the sound wave on the surface of a chip, it can more easily interact with the environment, making it a perfect candidate for advanced sensing technologies.

The findings are published today in APL Photonics journal of the American Institute of Physics.

“The use of sound waves on the surface of a microchip has application in sensing, signal processing and advanced communications technology,” said senior author and project lead Dr Moritz Merklein from the University of Sydney Nano Institute and School of Physics. “We can now start to think about new designs for chips that use light and sound instead of electricity.

Lead author Govert Neijts, a student from the University of Twente in the Netherlands who spent nine months at the University of Sydney labs, said: “Typically, surface acoustic waves are ‘excited’ using electronics. Here we use photonics, or light energy, to produce the sound wave. This approach has multiple advantages, chief of which is that light does not produce the heat in the chip that electronic excitation causes.”

Using special glass made from germanium, arsenic and selenide known as GeAsSe, the scientists were able to achieve remarkable results, including measurements indicating strong interactions between light and sound.

This innovative research demonstrates how lasers can be used to create and detect high-frequency surface acoustic waves using novel materials as a ‘wave guide’.

“The material is considered a soft glass. This means that unlike many materials, it operates as a guide for the high-frequency sound waves and lets them more freely interact with the light waves we put into the chip,” Dr Merklein said.

The ability to generate and manipulate these high-frequency acoustic waves opens a world of possibilities for new applications in sensing and signal processing.

Co-author Dr Choon-Kong Lai, a postdoctoral researcher in the Institute of Photonics and Optical Science at the University of Sydney, said: “Imagine sensors that can detect minute changes in the environment or advanced signal processing techniques that enhance communication technologies. Our innovative approach not only paves the way for more sensitive and efficient devices but also expands the potential for integrating acoustic and optical technologies on a single chip.”

The team previously demonstrated ‘capturing’ light information inside phononics, or sound waves within a chip. This ‘lightning inside thunder’ innovation was a world first at the time.

“We have developed this work to be able to manage and guide high-frequency sound wave information on the surface of a chip. This is an important contribution for the development of emergent sensing technologies,” said co-author and research team leader, Professor Ben Eggleton, Pro-Vice-Chancellor (Research) at the University of Sydney.

The technique used by the researchers is known as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). This is created by an enhanced feedback loop between photons (light) and phonons (sound).

As light moves around the chip or an optical fibre, it creates sound vibrations. Previously seen as a nuisance in optical communication, scientists then realised they could couple and enhance this vibration as a new way to transport and process information.

The feedback process allows light waves (usually produced by lasers) and sound waves to ‘couple’, enhancing the power of this feedback effect. Researchers expect applications of stimulated Brillouin scattering to have application in 5G/6G and broadband networks, sensors, satellite communication, radar systems, defence systems and even radio astronomy.

Research

Neijts, G. et al ‘On-chip simulated Brillouin scattering via surface acoustic waves’ (APL Photonics 2024). DOI: 10.1063/5.0220496

Declaration

Professor Ben Eggleton is Editor-in-Chief of APL Photonics and Dr Moritz Merklein is a guest editor, but neither played a role in handling the submission of this paper. The researchers declare no other competing interests. They acknowledge the support of the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF) OptoFab ACT Node at the Australian National University in carrying out this research.

This work has been supported through a European Research Council Consolidator Grant and by the Australian Research Council (ARC). The work was supported by the ARC Centre of Excellence in Optical Microcombs for Breakthrough Science (COMBS).